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Presentation prepared by:
11th grade student
Sazonova Anastasia
Economic "miracle" of Japan.
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A little man with slanted eyes was sitting on a pile of money. With pride and surprise, he looked at the people surrounding him, who stretched out their hands to him and asked: “Give me!” Give it!” These are representatives of different continents. Their faces are sometimes white, sometimes dark, sometimes completely dark, their hair is also different: American hedgehog, sometimes African curly.
This drawing accompanied an article about the financial situation of Japan, about how it had become the main creditor in the world.
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The purpose of my work is to study the features of the Japanese economy.
The tasks that I have set for myself:
1. Consider the phenomenon of the Japanese economy.
2. Study the development of the Japanese economy in the world economy.
3. Consider the role of Japan in international economic relations.
4. Analyze the problems of the “Japanese model” of economic development.
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The area of Japan is 372.6 thousand km^2 (this is 60% of the territory of France, less than the Komi Republic in Russia.)
Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world (127.7 million people)
On average, there are 337 people per km2.
Administrative - territorial division - 47 prefectures.
The official language is Japanese.
The main religions are Shintoism and Buddhism.
The monetary unit is the yen.
Japan is a constitutional monarchy. According to the constitution, the emperor is “a symbol of the state and the unity of the people.” Legislative power is exercised by parliament. Executive power belongs to the Cabinet of Ministers, which is formed by the Prime Minister.
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Japan's economic development is based on four principles:
1. Strict government regulation, i.e. mobilization of all resources to solve priority problems;
2. A pronounced export orientation of the economy to create a powerful fund of savings and investments;
3. Widespread attraction of foreign capital;
4. Creation of large national monopolies.
The phenomenon of the Japanese economy.
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The acceleration of economic growth was facilitated by:
1. Extensive renovation of worn-out and outdated factory equipment. Now in Japan 2/3 of the equipment is the latest in scientific and technological progress. The country is expanding its own scientific and technical research.
2. The most brutal exploitation of the working class.
3. State-monopoly capitalism contributed in every possible way to the restructuring of Japanese industry: reconstruction and new construction of enterprises.
4. Revival of the military-industrial complex.
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The Japanese economy of that period was characterized by the following features:
intensive investment process, construction boom, technical modernization production;
rapid development of metallurgy and mechanical engineering;
focus on export raw materials in unprocessed form (oil, iron ores, etc.);
energy-, material- and labor-intensive production.
Oil shock 1973 - 1974 showed the country's vulnerability to imported energy supplies. The country's economic development model has been revised.
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The Japanese economy today.
In terms of economic development – 2nd place (after the USA);
It is one of the “three” most important economic centers in the world (USA, Japan, Western Europe);
GNP per capita is $43,710;
GDP is 3.3% in 2008.
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Japan Export
In terms of export volumes, Japan is inferior to the USA and Germany and amounts to 9–10% of GDP:
Semiconductors – 50%
Passenger cars – 22%
Tape recorders – 90%
Copiers – 77%
Steel – 17.4%
Cash registers – 73%.
Provides: Indonesia -37%, Malaysia-26%, Singapore-21%, South Korea-20%, China-15%.
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Import from Japan.
Japan has the lowest supply of raw materials and fuel, and therefore depends on the import of mineral and agricultural raw materials:
Iron ore-30%
Non-ferrous metals-6%
Hard coal-10%
Cotton and wool-3%
Provided from: Indonesia-24%, Malaysia-16%, Singapore-17%, South Korea-26%, China-16%.
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Japan is deservedly considered a recognized world leader in the production of applied technologies for civilian use. Of particular note is the development of technologies that improve the environmental situation.
Japan is actively fighting emissions inert gases into the atmosphere during recycling and reuse of industrial waste, creates energy-saving technologies. Despite its own technological base, the country actively borrows the best foreign discoveries and immediately introduces them into production.
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Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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"Japanese economic miracle"
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Japan's business card. Flag, coat of arms of Japan Country area - 372 thousand km² Population - 127 million people Capital - Tokyo Official language - Japanese Currency - yen
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Japan after World War II On September 2, 1945, on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan signed a surrender pact.
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In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution that emphasized liberal democracy. The Allied occupation of Japan ended with the San Francisco Peace Treaty, which came into force in 1952, and Japan joined the UN in 1956.
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After the war in 1945, Japan was in devastation. However, since 1950, the country began to develop rapidly. Mainly, the state government focused on education and high technology. The Japanese began to buy advanced developments around the world and introduce them into their own production.
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The phenomenon of the Japanese economy The economic development of Japan is based on four principles: 1. Strict government regulation, i.e. mobilization of all resources to solve priority problems; 2. A pronounced export orientation of the economy to create a powerful fund of savings and investments 3. Wide attraction of foreign capital; 4. Creation of large national monopolies
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The acceleration of economic growth was facilitated by: 1. Widespread renewal of worn-out and outdated factory equipment. Now in Japan 2/3 of the equipment is the latest in scientific and technological progress. The country is expanding its own scientific and technical research. 2. The most brutal exploitation of the working class. 3. State-monopoly capitalism contributed in every possible way to the restructuring of Japanese industry: reconstruction and new construction of enterprises. 4. Revival of the military-industrial complex.
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The Japanese economy of that period was characterized by such features as: intensive investment process, construction boom, technical modernization of production; rapid development of metallurgy and mechanical engineering; focus on export raw materials in unprocessed form (oil, iron ores, etc.); energy-material- and labor-intensive production. Oil shock 1973 - 1974 showed the country's vulnerability to imported energy supplies. The country's economic development model has been revised.
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An important role in the economic development of the country was played by its national specificity. Japan was isolated from Europe and was most influenced by the ancient eastern civilizations of China and Korea
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The overall growth of the real economy from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the "Japanese economic miracle": averaging 10% per year in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s, and 4% in the 1980s. Growth slowed significantly in the 1990s, largely due to the effects of overinvestment in the late 1980s and domestic policy aimed at displacing excess speculative capital from the stock and real estate markets. The government's attempts to revive economic growth met with limited success, and in 2000 and 2001. were further slowed by the slowing global economy. However, after 2005 the economy showed strong signs of recovery. GDP growth for the year was 2.8% and for the fourth quarter at an annualized rate of 5.5%, outpacing the growth rates of the United States and the European Union over the same period.
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Unlike Europe and America, where it is easy to change jobs in search of higher salaries and better working conditions, Japan is known for its “lifetime employment” system, which creates an atmosphere of loyalty to the company. "Lifetime employment" system of workers and employees "Employees of Japanese companies must demonstrate team spirit, even if nothing useful is done during those overtime evening hours. The slogan of this people is: "The Japanese live to work
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Even without being a doctor, it’s hard not to guess that after some time the human body may not be able to withstand such a heavy load. That's what happens. Karoshi (Japanese: 過労死 karo:shi) is a sudden death in the workplace caused by fatigue and overwork. In Russian, this word corresponds to the stable expression “burnt out at work.”
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The first case of sudden death from overwork was recorded in 1969 in a 29-year-old employee of a Japanese newspaper company. In the 1980s, when several high-ranking Japanese officials died from overwork while working, the media began regularly reporting such cases, and since 1987, the Japanese Ministry of Labor began keeping statistics on karoshi deaths. Every year, karoshi claims hundreds of lives (only 250-350 cases are officially recorded).
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High technologies (electronics and robotics) are developed. Transport engineering is also developed, including automotive and shipbuilding, and machine tool manufacturing. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the state, but 55% of food (calorie equivalent) is imported. There is a network of expressways railways Shinkansen and expressways. Export structure: transport vehicles, cars, motorcycles, electronics, electrical engineering, chemicals. Import structure: machinery and equipment, fuel, food, chemicals, raw materials. Main sectors national economy: Service sector 72% Industry 26.5% Agriculture 1.4% The era of power in Japan
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Japan has high economic freedom, close government cooperation with manufacturers for economic growth, an emphasis on science and technology, and a strong work ethic. All this contributes to the development of the Japanese economy. The Japanese economy is characterized by the clustering of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks into tight groups called "keiretsu" and relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. There are also many social rather than industrial arrangements, such as guarantees of lifetime employment in large corporations. Recently, Japanese politicians approved reforms that allowed companies to deviate from certain regulations in an attempt to increase profits. Japan is a country with a predominance of private enterprise and low taxes. The total amount of taxes is lower than in other large Western countries, in 2007 it was 26.4% of GDP. Only some Japanese employers pay income taxes, VAT is very low at 5%, while corporate taxes are high.
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The largest Japanese companies include Toyota Motor, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony. Sony), Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi Estate, and Seven & I Holding. This is the homeland of the largest bank in the world in terms of assets - Japan Post Bank (Japan Post Bank) (3.2 trillion American dollars), as well as other banks such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ($1.2 trillion), Mizuho Financial Group ($1.4 trillion) and Sumitomo Mitsui. Financial Group (“Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group”) ($1.3 trillion). As of December 2006, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, with a market capitalization of over ¥549.7 trillion, is the second largest in the world
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Since only 15% of Japanese land is suitable for agriculture, a system of terrace farming is used on small areas. The result is one of the world's highest yields per unit area, with large agricultural subsidies and protective duties. Japan imports about 50% of its grains and feed crops other than rice, as well as most of its meat consumption. In fisheries, Japan ranks second in the world after China in terms of tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets, with fish catches accounting for approximately 15% of the world's total. Japan imports almost all its oil and food from other countries.
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Japan's transport infrastructure is extremely well developed. As of 2004, it consisted of 1,177,278 kilometers of asphalt roads, 173 airports and 23,577 kilometers of railway tracks. Private toll road companies face plenty of competition, and railroad companies are competing for popularity in regional and local markets. Among them, 7 large enterprises stand out: JR (Japan Railway Group), Kintetsu Corporation (Kintetsu Corporation), Seibu Railway (Seibu Railway) and Keio Corporation (Keio Corporation). Narita Airport (Narita City) Expressway (Osaka City)
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Some of the largest airline companies include All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL), and the country's largest ports are Yokohama and Nagoya. Energy in the country is produced from oil, natural gas and coal. Nuclear power accounts for a third of all electricity production; The Japanese plan to double these figures in the coming decades.
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Japan's role in the global economy Japan's economy is highly dependent on foreign trade. The country imports 100% of the cotton, wool, bauxite it needs, 99.9% of copper ore, 99.8% of oil, 99.7% of iron ore, 81.8% of coal. Japan ranks third after the USA and Germany in international trade. It accounts for 6.3% of imports and 8.9% of world exports (1999). The leading place in its exports is occupied by machinery and equipment (74.7%), metal products (7.8%), and in imports - fuel (20.4%), food (14.7%), raw materials (8.5%). ). The country is 70% self-sufficient in food. The main suppliers of food products to Japan are the USA, Australia and Canada. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of seafood production (about 12 million tons).
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Japan also ranks first in the world in terms of gold and foreign exchange reserves, accounting for 40% of global banking assets. Six Japanese banks are among the top ten largest banks in the world. The volume of its foreign direct investments exceeds 311 billion dollars (1999), which is 11.7% of world investments.
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Japan's main export partners are the USA - 22.8%, EU - 14.5%, China - 14.3%, South Korea- 7.8%, Taiwan - 6.8% and Hong Kong - 5.6% (data for 2006). The main export products are transport equipment, automobiles, electronics, electrical equipment and chemicals.
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During 2008-2009, the trade balance surplus increased 6 times: in September 2008 it amounted to 90 billion yen ($1 billion) in September 2009 - 529.6 billion yen ($5.7 billion). Compared to September 2008, in 2009 the surplus in trade with Russia gave way to a deficit and amounted to 52.65 billion yen ($580 million).
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Goals:
identify the geographical specifics of one of the leading centers of the world economy on the basis of questions compiled by students and answers to them; consider the “Japanese model” of economic development.
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Epigraph:
On islands in salty waters lay an ancient country. It was so different from states and other regions. Tsunamis destroyed the coast, And every year many times the Earth suddenly shook, That people died at the same hour. Culture developed there, houses were built over centuries. And what was born here for the first time never died. Its neighbors called it the Land of the Rising Sun. The sun rises from behind the sea here, and sets behind the mountains.
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Origin of the country's name
One interpretation of the ancient name of this country is “Yamato,” which means “path of the mountains.” Japan is, first of all, a country of mountains. You always see them on the horizon, even if you are in the middle of the largest plain. For most Japanese, the sun always rises over the sea and goes down over the mountains. For the smaller part it is the other way around.
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Island state
The arc-shaped string of Japanese islands sways and shakes every now and then due to earthquakes. But the land of fire-breathing mountains is better known as the land of the rising sun - that’s what its neighbors called Japan.
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- What associations do you have when you hear the word “Japan”?
Rising Sun Dragon Ikebana Geisha Kimono Chopsticks Sakura Mount Fuji
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What is Japan's place in the modern world?
Japan is one of the leaders of the modern world. This country occupies a leading position in the world in the production of a number of industrial goods.
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EGP and FGP of the country
Japan is a relatively small country, located on 4 large and about a thousand small islands. Japan is a country of mountains, a country that is poor in mineral resources, and numerous rivers are unsuitable for navigation due to their rapidity and short length. The Japanese islands lie within the typhoon movement that occurs during the autumn monsoon cycle.
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What is the reason for the Japanese “economic miracle”?
The reasons cover all spheres of life: economic, political, social and others. At the start, a huge role was played by the development of a carefully thought-out national economic development strategy, taking into account local conditions.
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What is the “Japanese model” of economic development?
At the first stage of the development of their economy, in order not to waste time on research and development and the introduction of new discoveries into production, Japanese entrepreneurs relied on the import of foreign thought, on the massive borrowing of advanced equipment and technology from other countries.
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Cities of Science
Later, the land of the rising sun creates 29 technopolises - new cities of science, and develops knowledge-intensive industries.
“The Civilization of Japan” - Topic: The Civilization of Japan. Main events in the history of Japan in the Middle Ages. Ours and others in the civilization of Japan, East and West in the history of Japan.
“Japan Lesson” - Teacher Artemova O.V. Ikebana. Japanese-99% Ainu-1% The official language is Japanese. Export and import structure. Lesson progress: Mariculture is developed (shrimp, lobsters, crabs, oysters are bred). National composition of the population of Japan. Plant growing is more widely developed. Fish farming and fishing are well developed.
"Japan" - The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. There are no beds, they sleep on a mat, and they put a board under their heads rather than a pillow. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing.
"Country Japan" - Japanese cuisine. The volcanic nature of the islands provides a mild climate and a huge variety of vegetation. Japan. The Japanese pay special attention to seafood. Japanese is one of the most difficult languages to learn. Monkeys and wild boars, bears and foxes are found in the forests. Japan is a small country with a huge number of high-tech industries and overpopulated cities.
“Japan - the land of the rising sun” - Origin of the name of the country. Culture developed there, houses were built over centuries. What is Japan's place in modern world? Objectives: Equipment: mobile class Technology: ICT. On islands in salty waters lay an ancient country. Island state. What is the reason for the Japanese “economic miracle”.
“Japan as a country” - Capital - Tokyo. Transport. In Japan, all types of transport have developed, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. At first, Japanese industry developed mainly along an evolutionary path. Electric car. Shinto shrine. Japan ranks one of the first in the world in terms of fish catch. This is where the allegorical name of Japan comes from, as the land of the rising sun.
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Text content of presentation slides: Reasons for the Japanese “economic miracle” Plan 1. The influence of EGP and FGP on the development of the country.2. How did limited natural and labor potential affect economic development countries?3. “The Japanese miracle” - high rates of economic development, deep modernization of the economy.4. What factors contributed to the formation of the “economic miracle”?5. What are the prospects for the country's socio-economic development? Problematic question Why, after the Second World War, Japan was able to take a leading position in the world economy? Assignment: Draw up a diagram of the economic model of Japan Area - 377,835 km2 (61st place in the world) Number - 126,549,976 people. (9th place in the world) Density - 334.9 people/km2 Brief information LANGUAGE Japanese (official), English is also common. RELIGION Shintoism, Buddhism. There are also minority Christians. POLITICAL STATE Japan is a constitutional monarchy. Physico - geographical location The state has a total area of 377,688 square meters. km, located in East Asia, located on 4 large islands and more than 4,000 small islands. In the north it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, in the east by the Pacific Ocean, in the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, in the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Problems Japan has mineral resources, but the resources are insignificant, and the development of many species has ceased. The country is completely dependent on the import of mineral raw materials. Economic and geographical position Japan is the second country in the world in terms of total economic power after the United States. In the Asia-Pacific region it occupies a leading position. By the mid-1990s, Japan's position became even stronger. 1st place in the world: in shipbuilding, production of passenger cars, machine tools, production of general-purpose electronic products, robots, microelectronics products; In general, the share of Japan's industrial output in the world changed as follows: in 1900 - 2.4%, 1950 - 2.9%, 1990 - 8.6%, 2000 - 7.2%. Urbanization of Japan Japan is one of the most urbanized countries in the world, and unlike Western European countries and the United States, the proportion of its population that is urbanized continues to grow; the country has the highest life expectancy in the world, the lowest infant mortality rate. What is meant by the Japanese “economic miracle” Economic recovery after World War II As a result, Japan becomes the economic leader among Asian countries. Factors of the “economic miracle” The most important role The United States played a role in the industrialization of Japan. Factors of the “economic miracle” Democratic reforms were carried out (the constitution of 1947). Factors of the “economic miracle” Dissolved Japanese family concerns - “zaibatsu”, which monopolized the economy Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” Reform was carried out in agriculture. Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” The country saved money for the development of its own R&D through the acquisition of licenses and patents. Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” Low prices on the world market for mineral raw materials and fuel. Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” Japan had cheap labor compared to developed countries, and a labor management system was being developed. Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” After defeat in the war, she had the right to spend no more than 1% of GDP on defense. Components of the Japanese “economic miracle” High degree of government regulation: a forecast plan is drawn up every five years. Manufacturing industry Domestic market Intangible sphere Export of high-tech products Finance R&D Export of capital Sale of scientific knowledge Economic model of Japan Prospects for socio-economic development 1. An extremely unfavorable demographic outlook is the main limiter of growth. 2. Decrease in personal savings, changes in the structure of consumer demand3. Tightening competition conditions.4. Perhaps there will be a decrease in the competitiveness of Japanese industry products, caused by the obsolescence of its scientific and technical concept. Quick poll 1. Name state language, religion, political state of Japan. 2. In which region does it occupy a leading position? 3. In which industries does it take 1st place in the world? Let's summarize 1. List the factors of the Japanese “economic miracle”. 2. What are the components of the Japanese “economic miracle”. 3. Highlight the components of the Japanese “economic miracle”.
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