List of the most important events, processes and phenomena

history of foreign countries

(according to the 2017 codifier)

476 − fall of the Western Roman Empire

486 g. - the emergence of the state of the Franks

527 −565 gg. − rule of Justinian in the Byzantine Empire

610 d. Rise of Islam

632 g. - the emergence of the state among the Arabs

800 - Proclamation of Charlemagne as Emperor

843 d. - collapse of the Frankish Empire

962 d. - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire

1054 - division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic)

1066 − Norman Conquest of England (Battle of Hastings)

1096 − first half of 1270s gg. /1291 / beginningXIVcenturies (different versions of the end of the era)− Crusades

1204 d. − capture of Constantinople by the crusaders

1215 - adoption of the Magna Carta in England

1265 d. - the emergence of the English Parliament

1302 d. - convocation of the Estates General in France

1337 −1453 gg. − Hundred Years War

1358 - Jacquerie in France

1381 - Uprising led by W. Tyler in England

1389 d. - Battle of Kosovo

1419−1434 gg. − Hussite wars

1440sgg. − the invention of printing by J. Gutenberg

1455−1485 gg. − War of the Scarlet and White Roses in England

1461−1483 gg. − reign of Louis XI of France

1453 - fall of the Byzantine Empire

1485−1509 gg. − reign of Henry VII in England

1492 - discovery of America by Christopher Columbus

1492 d. - completion of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula

1497−1499 gg. − opening of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama

1517 - speech by M. Luther with 95 theses, the beginning of the Reformation in Germany

1519−1522 gg. − circumnavigation of the expedition of F. Magellan

1521 city ​​- Reichstag of Worms. Condemnation of M. Luther

1524−1525 (1526) − Peasant War in Germany

1534 - the beginning of the Reformation in England

1555 - Augsburg Religious Peace

1562−1598 gg. − religious wars in France

1566−1609 gg. − liberation war in the Netherlands

1569 d. - formation of the Commonwealth

1572 - St. Bartholomew's Night in France

1579 - Union of Utrecht

1588 - the defeat of the Invincible Armada by England

1598 − Edict of Nantes by Henry IV of France

1618−1648 gg. − Thirty Years' War

1624−1642 gg. − activities of Cardinal Richelieu as the first minister of France

1640 d. - the beginning of the activities of the Long Parliament in England, the beginning of the English

bourgeois revolution

1641 d. - adoption by the English Parliament of the "Great Remonstrance"

1642−1649 (sometimes early 1650 - X) gg. − civil war in England

1643−1715 gg. - the reign of the French king Louis XIV

1648 d. − Peace of Westphalia

1649 d. − execution of the English King Charles I

1649 - Proclamation of England as a republic

1653−1659 gg. − protectorate of O. Cromwell

1660 - restoration of the Stuart dynasty in England

1688 d − "Glorious Revolution" in England

1715−1774 gg. − reign of Louis XV in France

1740−1786 gg. − reign of Frederick II in Prussia

1810sgg. − Luddite movement in England

1773 - "Boston Tea Party"

1776 d. − adoption of the US Declaration of Independence

1787 d. - adoption of the US constitution

1789 - the beginning of the revolution in France

1789 d. − adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1791 d. - Adoption of the US Bill of Rights

1789−1797 gg. − presidency of George Washington in the USA

1792 - the beginning of the revolutionary wars of France

1792 - the collapse of the monarchy in France

1793 - coming to power in France of the Jacobins

1793 d. − Execution of King Louis XVI in France

1796−1797 gg. − Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte

1798 - Egyptian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte

1799 − The coup d'état of Napoleon Bonaparte 18-19 Brumaire

1804 d. − Proclamation of Napoleon Emperor of France

1799−1815 gg. − Napoleonic Wars

1814 - the overthrow of Napoleon

March − July 1815 - "Hundred Days" of Napoleon

1823 d. - proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the United States

1830 - July Revolution in France

1830−1840sgg. − Chartist movement in England

1849-1849 - "spring of peoples": revolutions in European countries

1861−1865 gg. − American Civil War

1861 - the unification of Italy (since 1870 with the capital in Rome)

1862−1890 gg. − activities of Bismarck at the head of Prussia and Germany

1868−1889 − Meiji revolution in Japan

1870−1871 gg. − franco − prussian war

1871 d. - Proclamation of the German Empire

1882 d. − Creation of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria - Hungary and Italy)

1904−1907 gg. − creation of the Entente (Russia, England and France)

1912, 1913 gg. − Balkan wars

June 28 1914 - "Sarajevo Incident", the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

1914−1918 gg. − First World War

November 1918 G. - August 1919 gg. − November Revolution in Germany

January 1919 - January 1920 − Paris Peace Conference

1919 - Establishment of the League of Nations

November 1921 G. - February 1922 d. - Washington Conference

1922 - the rise of the Nazis to power in Italy

1929−1933 gg. − global economic crisis, "great depression"

January 1933 d. - Hitler's rise to power in Germany

1933−1936 gg. − “New Deal” of F. Roosevelt in the USA

1936−1939 gg. − fascist rebellion and civil war in Spain

1936 − Anti-Comintern Pact of Germany and Japan

1938 - occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany (Anschluss)

1938 d. − signing of the Munich Agreement

1939−1945 gg. − World War II

December 7 1941 d. − Japanese attack on Pearl − Harbor and US entry into the war

June 6 1944 g. - landing of the Anglo − American troops in Normandy. Opening of the Second Front

August 6, 9 1945 - US atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

September 2 1945 the surrender of Japan. End of World War II

20 November 1945 − October 1 1946 gg. − Nuremberg trials of Nazi criminals

1949 d.- Formation of HATO

1949 d. Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

1959 d. - victory of the revolution in Cuba

1965−1973 gg. − US war in Vietnam

1966−1976 gg. − "Cultural Revolution" in China

1989 - "velvet" revolutions in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe

1990 g. - unification of the GDR and the FRG

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Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (early 17th century)

6th century - The legend of Prince Kiy - the founder of the city of Kyiv.

9th century - Formation of the Old Russian state.

860 - The campaign of the Rus to Constantinople.

862 - "The Calling of the Varangians" to Russia.

862–879 - The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.

879–912 - The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.

882 - The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.

907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaties with the Greeks.

912-945 - The reign of Igor in Kyiv.

944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.

945 - Rebellion of the Drevlyans.

945-962 - The reign of Princess Olga in the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.

957 - Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople(Embassy in Constantinople).

962–972 - The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.

964–972 . - Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.

980–1015 - The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.

988 - Adoption of Christianity in Russia.

1015 - Uprising in Novgorod against the Varangians.

1019–1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

1037 . - Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.

1045 - Beginning of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.

1068-1072 - Folk performances in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal, Chernihiv lands.

OK. 1072 - The final design of "Russian Pravda" ("The Truth of the Yaroslavichs").

1097 - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.

1113–1125 - Great reign of Vladimir Monomakh.

1113 -Uprising in Kyiv.

1125–1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.

1136 - Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.

1147 - The first mention of Moscow in the annals.

Beginning of the XII-end of the XV centuries. - Feudal fragmentation of Russia.

1157–1174 - The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.

1165 - Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

1169 -The capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

1185 - The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

1199 - Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.

1202 - Formation of the Order of the Sword.

Early 13th century . - Formation of the Lithuanian state.

1206-1227 - The reign of Genghis Khan.

1219-1221 - The conquest of the Mongol-Tatars of Central Asia.

1227-1255 - Board of Batu.
1235-1243 -The conquest of the Mongol-Tatars of Transcaucasia.

1236 -The conquest of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars.

1237–1240 . - Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Batu Khan to Russia.

1237 . - Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.

1240, 15 July. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the Neva River. Nicknamed Nevsky.

1240 g . - The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars of Kyiv.

1242, 5 April. - Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipus.

1243 - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.

1247 - Formation of the Tver principality.

1252–1263 - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the throne of Vladimir .

1262 - Uprisings in Russian cities against the Mongol-Tatars.

1264 - The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.

1276 - Formation of an independent Moscow principality.

1299 - Metropolitan moving from Kyiv to Vladimir.

1301 - Annexation of Kolomna to Moscow.

1302 - The entry of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky into the Moscow principality

1303 -Annexation of Mozhaisk to Moscow.
1310 - The adoption of Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde.

About 1313-1392 -Sergius of Radonezh

1325-1340 - Board of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.

1326 - Transfer of the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church- Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, the transformation of Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.

1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.

1328 - Transferring the center of the metropolis to Moscow.

1359-1389 - The reign of Prince (from 1362 - Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 - Donskoy) in Moscow.

OK. 1360-1430 - The life and work of Andrei Rublev.

1363 -The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the Horde at Blue Waters. The entry of Kyiv into Lithuania.1367 -Construction of the white-stone Kremlin in Moscow.

1378 - Battle on the Vozha River.

1382 - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.

1385 -Union of Krewo between Lithuania and Poland.

1389-1425 - The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.

1393 -Accession of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.

1395 - Timur's destruction of the Golden Horde.

1410, 15 July. - Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.

1425-1453 - Dynastic war between the sons and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy.

1437 - Formation of the Kazan Khanate.
1439 - The Florentine Church Union on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.

1443 - Formation of the Crimean Khanate.

1448 - Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Russia. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.

1453 . - Fall of the Byzantine Empire.

1462–1505 - The reign of Ivan III.

1463 - Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow.

1469–1472 . - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.

1471 - The battle on the Shelon River of Moscow and Novgorod troops.

1474 -Accession to Moscow of Rostov the Great.

1478 . - Accession of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.

1480 - "Standing on the river Ugra". Liquidation of the Horde yoke.

1484-1508 - Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.

1485 - Accession of Tver to Moscow.

1489 - Accession to Moscow of the Vyatka land.

1497 - Compilation of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III. Establishment of uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the whole country, restriction of the right of a peasant to move from one feudal lord to another - a week before and a week after November 26 (St. George's Day in autumn).

Late 15th - early 16th century – Completion of the process of folding the Russian centralized state.

1500-1503, 1507-1508, 1512-1522, 1534-1537 - Russian-Lithuanian wars.
1503 - The controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-possessors, who preached the rejection of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the possessors, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.

1503 - Accession to Moscow of the South-Western Russian lands.

1505–1533 - The reign of Basil III.

1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow.

1514 - Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.

1521 - Accession of Ryazan to Moscow.

1533–1584 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.

1547 - Uprising in Moscow.

1547 . - The wedding of Ivan IV the Terrible to the kingdom.

1549 . - The beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.

1550 - Adoption of the Sudebnik of Ivan IV the Terrible.

1551 - "Stoglavy Cathedral" of the Russian Orthodox Church.

1552 - Accession of Kazan to Moscow.

1552-1557 - The entry of the Volga region into Russia.
1555–1560 - Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).

1556 . - Accession of Astrakhan to Moscow.

1556 . - Adoption of the Code of Service.

1558–1583 . - Livonian war.

1561 - The defeat of the Livonian Order.

1564 - The beginning of book printing in Russia. The publication by Ivan Fedorov of The Apostle, the first printed book with a fixed date.

1565-1572 - Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.

1569 - The conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth.

1581 - The first mention of "reserved years".

1581 . - Yermak's campaign in Siberia.

1582 - The signing of the Yam-Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.

1583 . – Conclusion of the Plyussky truce with Sweden.

1584–1598 . - The reign of Fedor Ioannovich.

1589 - The establishment of the patriarchate in Russia. Patriarch Job.

1591 - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich.

1592 - Compilation of scribes and census books.

1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden.

1596 - Brest Church Union.
1597 . - Decree on "lesson years" (a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants).

1598–1605 - Board of Boris Godunov.

1603 - The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.

1605–1606 - The reign of False Dmitry I.

1606–1607 - The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov.

1607 - A decree on a fifteen-year investigation of fugitives.

1606–1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.

1607–1610 - An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushino camp".

1609–1611 . - Defense of Smolensk.

1610–1613 - "Seven Boyars".

1611, March–June. - The first militia against the Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.

1612 - The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.

1612, 26 October. - The liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders by the Second Home Guard.

1613 - The Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty .

1613–1645 - The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

1617 – The conclusion of the Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden.

1618 Deulino truce with Poland.

1632–1634 . - Smolensk war between Russia and the Commonwealth.

Russia in the 17th–18th centuries

1645–1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

1648 - Expedition of Semyon Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.

1648 -1654 . -The uprising of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.

1648 - "Salt Riot" in Moscow.

1648–1650 - Uprisings in various cities of Russia.

1649 - Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the "Council Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.

1649 - Zborovsky world.

1651 - Belotserkovsky world.

OK. 1651–1656 - Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.

1654 January 8 . - Pereyaslav Council. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

1654-1667 - The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for Ukraine.

1661 -Peace of Cardis with Sweden.

1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.

1667 . - The conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.

1667 . - Introduction of the New Trade Charter.

1667-1669 - "Campaign for zipuns."

1667–1671 - Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.

1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising.

1670-1671 -Peasant war led by S.T. Razin.

1676–1682 - Board of Fedor Alekseevich.

1676-1681 - The war between Russia and Turkey.

1682 - Cancellation of locality.

1682, 1698 . - Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.

1682–1725 - The reign of Peter I (1682-1689 - under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V).

1686 . - "Eternal peace" with Poland.

1687 – Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns of V.V. Golitsyn.

1689 -Nerchinsk treaty with China.
1695, 1696 - Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.

1697–1698 - Great Embassy.

1700–1721 . - North War.

1707–1708 . - Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.

1708-1710 - Establishment of provinces.

1710–1711 . - Prut campaign.

1711 . - Establishment of the Senate.

1711–1765 – Life and work of M. V. Lomonosov.

1713 - Transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg.

1714 . - Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).

1718–1721 - Establishment of boards.

1720 . - Battle of Grengam Island.

1721 - Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.

1721 - Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia has become an empire.

1721 - Permission to buy peasants to factories.

1722 - Adoption of the "Table of Ranks".

1722 - Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.

1722–1723 - Caspian campaign.

1725 – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.

1725–1727 - The reign of Catherine I.

1727–1730 - The reign of Peter II.

1730–1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovshchina".

1731 - Cancellation of unity.

1741–1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.

1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl.

1756–1763 - The Seven Years' War.

1757 – Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.

1761–1762 - The reign of Peter III.

1762 - "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility."

1762–1796 - The reign of Catherine II.

1764 - Secularization of church property.

1764 - Liquidation of the hetmanate in Ukraine.

1767-1768 - Fixed commission,

1768–1774 . - Russo-Turkish war.

1768 - Beginning of issue of banknotes.

1770 - The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles near the Larga and Cahul rivers.

1771 -Plague riot in Moscow.

1774 – Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynarji peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The Crimean Khanate passed under the protectorate of Russia. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.

1772, 1793, 1795 - Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of the Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were ceded to Russia.

1772–1839 – Life and work of M. M. Speransky.

1773–1775 . - Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.

1775 . - Carrying out provincial reform in Russian Empire.

1780 -Declaration of Armed Neutrality.
1782 - Opening of the monument to Peter I "The Bronze Horseman" (E. Falcone).

1783 - The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky treatise. The transition of Eastern Georgia under the protectorate of Russia.

1785 – Publication of letters of commendation to the nobility and cities.

1787–1791 . - Russo-Turkish war.

1789 - Victory of the Russian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik.

1790 - The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.

1790 – Publication of the book by A. N. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”.

1790 . - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail on the Danube by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov.

1791 . – Conclusion of the Iasi peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The accession to Russia of the Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was confirmed.

1794 - Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

1796–1801 - The reign of Paul I.

1797 - Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoration of the order of succession to the throne by birthright in the male line.

1797 - Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.

1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

1801–1825 - The reign of Alexander I.

1802 – Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums.

1803 - Decree on "free cultivators".

1803 . – Adoption of a charter that introduced the autonomy of universities.

1803–1804 . - The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.

1804–1813 . - Russian-Iranian war. It ended with the Peace of Gulistan.

1805–1807 . – Participation of Russia in III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.

1805 December. - The defeat of the Russian and Austrian troops in the battle of Austerlitz.

1806–1812 - Russo-Turkish war.

1807 - The defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.

1807 . – Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia's consent to the creation of the vassal France of the Duchy of Warsaw).

1808–1809 - Russo-Swedish war. Accession of Finland to the Russian Empire.

1810 – Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M. M. Speransky.

1812 June–December . - Patriotic war with Napoleon.

1812 – Conclusion of the Bucharest peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war.

1812 July 22 - Connection of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies near Smolensk.
1812, August 3-6 - Battle for Smolensk.
1812, August 8 - Appointment of M.I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army.
1812, August 26 - Battle of Borodino.
1812, September 1 - Meeting in Fili.
1812 October 7 - Departure of the French army from Moscow.
1812 October 12 - Battle of Maloyaroslavets.
1812 November 14-17 - Crossing the French troops across the river Berezina.
1812, December 21 - The order of M.I. Kutuzov for the army on the expulsion of the French army from Russia.

1813–1814 . - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

1813 - "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.

1813 – The conclusion of the Gulistan peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war.

1814–1815 . - Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Accession to Russia of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland).

1815 - Creation of the "Holy Alliance".

1815 - Granting of the Constitution by Alexander I to the Kingdom of Poland.

1816 - The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A. A. Arakcheev.

1816–1817 - Activities of the Union of Salvation.

1817–1864 - Caucasian war.

1818–1821 - Activities of the Union of Welfare.

1820 – Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev.

1820 - Uprising in the Semyonovsky regiment.

1821–1822 - Formation of the Northern and Southern societies of the Decembrists.

1821–1881 . - The life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky.

1825 December 14 . - The uprising of the Decembrists on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg.

December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826. - The uprising of the Chernigov regiment.

1825–1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.

1826–1828 . - Russian-Iranian war.

1828 – Conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. The death of A. S. Griboyedov.

1828–1829 - Russo-Turkish war.

1829 . – The conclusion of the Adrianople peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war.

1831–1839 - The activities of the circle of N. V. Stankevich.

1837 - Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.

1837–1841 - Carrying out by P.D. Kiselev of the reform of the management of state peasants.

1840s–1850s — Disputes between Slavophiles and Westernizers.

1842 - Issuance of a decree on "obliged peasants".

1839–1843 . - Monetary reform of E. F. Kankrin.

1840–1893 – Life and work of P. I. Tchaikovsky.

1844–1849 - The activities of the circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.

1845 - Formation of the Slavic Society of St. Cyril and Methodius.

1851 . - Opening of the railway Moscow - St. Petersburg.

1853–1856 . - Crimean War.

1853-1856 - Creation of the "Free Russian Printing House".
1853 November - Battle of Sinop.

1854, September 2 - landing of Anglo-French troops in the Crimea.
1854, September 2 - The sinking of the Russian fleet in the bay of Sevastopol.
1854, September 8 - Battle on the river Alma.
1854, September-1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.

1855-1881 - The reign of Alexander II.

1855 - The signing of the Shimodsky treaty between Russia and Japan.
1855 November - The capture of the Kare fortress by Russian troops.
1856 - Paris Congress.

1856 - Founding by P. M. Tretyakov of the collection of Russian art in Moscow.

1858, 1860 . – Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.

1861-1863 - The activities of the secret circle "Great Russian".

1 861, February 19. - The abolition of serfdom in Russia.

1861–1864 - The activities of the organization "Earth and Freedom".

1862 . - Formation of the "Mighty Handful" - an association of composers (M. A. Balakirev, Ts. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky Korsakov, A. P. Borodin).

1864 Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.

1864–1885 - Accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.

1866 - Formation of the Turkestan Governor-General.
1867 – Sale of Alaska to the USA.

1868 - Establishment of vassalage of the Emirate of Bukhara from Russia.

1869 – Discovery by D. I. Mendeleev of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements.

1870 - Foundation of the Russian section of the First International.

1870 - City government reform.

1870–1923 . – Activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.

1873 - Creation of the "Union of the Three Emperors".

1874 - Carrying out military reform - the introduction of universal military duty.

1874, 1876 . - Implementation of populists "going to the people."

1875 - Treatise of Russia and Japan on the division of possessions in the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island.
1876 - The entry of the Kokand Khanate into Russia.

1876–1879 – Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.

1877–1878 - Russo-Turkish war.

1877, July-December - Defense of the Shipka Pass.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.

1878 - Congress of Berlin.

1879 . - The split of the organization "Land and Freedom". The emergence of the organizations "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution".

1879–1881 - The activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya".

1879–1882 - Establishment of the Triple Alliance.

March 1, 1881 - Assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.

1881–1894 - The reign of Alexander III.

1881 - Adoption of the “Regulations on Measures to Protect State Security and Public Peace”.
1882 – Cancellation of the temporarily obligated position of the peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.

1883–1903 - Activities of the Emancipation of Labor group.

1885 - A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T. S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuev (Morozov strike).

1887 . - Adoption of the circular "on cook's children".

1889 - Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".

1890 - Adoption of the "Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" (zemstvo counter-reform).

1891–1894 - Formation of the Franco-Russian Union.

1891–1905 . - Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

1892 – Transfer by P. M. Tretyakov of his collection of Russian art as a gift to the city of Moscow.

1892 - Adoption of the "City Regulations" (city counter-reform).

1894–1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.

1895 - Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".

1895 - The invention of A. S. Popov radio communication.

1895 . - Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".

1897 - The first general census of the population of Russia.

1897 . - Monetary reform S. Yu. Witte.

1898 . - I Congress of the RSDLP.

1899 - The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament, convened on the initiative of Russia.

1900 December - Creation of the newspaper "Iskra".

Russia in the 20th century

1901 - "Obukhov defense".

1901–1902 - The creation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.

1903 - II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.

1903 - Creation of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists.

1904–1905 - Russo-Japanese War.

1904, January 26-27 - Attack of Japanese ships on Russian squadrons in Port Arthur and Chemulpo.
1904, August-1905, December - Defense of Port Arthur.

1904, August. - The battle near the city of Liaoyang.

1904, September. - Battle on the Shahe River.

January 9, 1905 - Bloody Sunday. Beginning of the first Russian revolution.

1905–1907 - The first Russian revolution.

February 1905 - The defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.

May 1905 - The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.

1905 June . - Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".

1905 August . - The conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the results of the Russo-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and South Manchuria railway.

1905 October 17 – Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”.

1905 November . - Creation of the "Union of the Russian people".

1905 December . - Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.

1906 April–July - Activities of the First State Duma.

November 9, 1906 . - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

1907 February–June . - Activities of the II State Duma.

June 3, 1907 . - Dissolution of the II State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3 coup).

1907–1912 . - Activities of the III State Duma.

1907 August – Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formalization of the Entente alliance.

1912 - Lena execution.

1912–1917 . - Activities of the IV State Duma.

1914 August 1 – November 9, 1918 - World War I.

1914, August - East Prussian operation of the Russian army.
1914, August-September - Galician operation of the Russian army.
1915, May-October - The retreat of the Russian army.

1915, August. – Creation of the Progressive block.

May 1916 - Brusilovsky breakthrough.

February 1917 - February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.

1917 February 23 - Demonstration in Petrograd.

March 2, 1917 - Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.

May 1917 - Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.

1917, June. - Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

1917, July. - Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.

1917, August. - Kornilov rebellion.

1917, September 1st. - Proclamation of Russia as a republic.

1917 October 24–26 . - Armed uprising in Petrograd. The overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). The adoption of decrees on peace and land.

1918, January. - Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.

March 3, 1918 - The conclusion of the Brest peace between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The agreement was canceled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.

1918–1920 - Civil war in Russia.

1918 . - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

1918–1921 March - The Soviet government's policy of "war communism".

1918 July - The execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg.

1920–1921 - Anti-Bolshevik uprisings of peasants in the Tambov and Voronezh regions ("Antonovshchina"), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.

March 1921 - The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus departed to Poland.

1921 February–March . - The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of "war communism".

March 1921 . - X Congress of the RCP (b). Transition to NEP.

1922 - Genoese conference.

December 30, 1922 - Formation of the USSR.

1924 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR.

1925 December - XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course for the industrialization of the country. The defeat of the "Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition".

1927 December - XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course towards the collectivization of agriculture.

1928–1932 - The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

1929 - The beginning of complete collectivization.

1930 – Completion of the construction of Turksib.

1933–1937 . - The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

1934 - Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.

1934, December 1st. - The murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.

1936 . – Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).

1939 August 23 . - Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany.

1939, September 1 - 1945, September 2. - The Second World War.

1939, November - 1940, March. - Soviet-Finnish war.

1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9. - The Great Patriotic War.

1941 July–September - Battle of Smolensk.

1941 December 5–6 - Counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow.

November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943 . - The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War.

1943, July - August. - Battle of Kursk.

1943 September–December . - The battle for the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.

1943 November 28 - December 1 . - Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.

January 1944 . - The final liquidation of the blockade of Leningrad.

1944 January–February . - Korsun Shevchenko operation.

1944 June–August - Operation to liberate Belarus ("Bagration").

1944 July–August - Lvov-Sandomierz operation.

1944 August - Iasi Chisinau operation.

1945 January–February - Vistula Oder operation.

1945 February 4–11 - Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.

1945 April–May - Berlin operation.

April 25, 1945 - Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.

May 8, 1945 - Capitulation of Germany.

1945 July 17 - August 2 - Berlin (Potsdam) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.

1945, August - September - Defeat of Japan. The signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. End of World War II.

1946 - Beginning of the Cold War.

1948 – Breaking diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.

1949 - The beginning of the campaign against "cosmopolitanism".

1949 – Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

1949 - Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.

March 5, 1953 . - Death of J.S. Stalin.

1953, August. - Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR.

1953 September - 1964 October . - The election of N. S. Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Removed from office in October 1964

1954 – The Obninsk NPP was put into operation.

1955 – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).

February 1956 . - XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences."

1956 October - november. - Uprising in Hungary; crushed by Soviet troops.

1957 October 4 . - The launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.

April 12, 1961 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space.

1961 October . - XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism. 1962 - Caribbean crisis.

1962, June. – Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting demonstration of workers.

1963, August . - The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.

1965 - The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygin.

1968 - Entering the troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia.

May 1972 – Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.

1975 – Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).

1979 . – Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.

1979–1989 – “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.

1980 July–August . - Olympic Games in Moscow.

March 1985 - Election of MS Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

April 26, 1986 . - The Chernobyl accident.

1987 . - The conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles.

1988 - XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for the reform of the political system.

1989 May–June . - First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.

March 1990 - Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR MS Gorbachev President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of the 6th article.

June 12, 1990 - The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.

June 12, 1991 . - Election of Boris N. Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR.

July 1991 . – Signing of the treaty between the USSR and the USA on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START 1).

1991 August 19–21 . - Attempted coup d'état (GKChP).

December 8, 1991 . - Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.

December 25, 1991 . - Addition of MS Gorbachev powers of the President of the USSR.

1992 - The beginning of the radical economic reform of E. T. Gaidar.

1993, January. – Signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the reduction of strategic offensive arms (START 2).

1993 October 3–4 - Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.

December 12, 1993 . - Elections to the Federal Assembly - the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.

1994 - Accession of the Russian Federation to the NATO program "Partnership for Peace".

December 1994 . - The beginning of large-scale actions against Chechen separatists.

1996 - Russia's accession to the Council of Europe.

July 1996 . – Election of Boris N. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).

1997 - Creation on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev of the state TV channel "Culture".

August 1998 . – Financial crisis in Russia (default).

September 1999 . - The beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.

March 2000 - Election of VV Putin as President of the Russian Federation.

2000 – Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh. I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.

2002 . - Treaty between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.

2003 . – Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to A. A. Abrikosov and V. L. Ginzburg for their work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for research on superconductivity and superfluidity.

March 2004 . - Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).

2005 – Creation of the Public Chamber.

2006 – Launch of the program of national projects in the field of agriculture, housing construction, healthcare and education.

March 2008 - Election of D. A. Medvedev as President of the Russian Federation.

August 2008 - The invasion of Georgian troops in South Ossetia. Holding Russian army operations to force Georgia to peace. Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

November 2008 – Adoption of a law to increase the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

Head of the government

(Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, since 1923 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, since 1938 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, from May 1989 to March 1990 - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, since March 1990 - President of the USSR, since December 1991 - President of the Russian Federation).

1. Kamenev Lev Borisovich - November 1917 (according to the new style)
2. Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich - November 1917 - March 1919
3. Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich - March 1919 - March 1946
4. Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich - March 1946 - March 1953
5. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich - March 1953 - May 1960
6. Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich - May 1960 - July 1964; June 1977- November 1982
7. Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich - July 1964 - December 1965
8. Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich - December 1965 - June 1977
9. Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich - June 1983 - February 1984
10. Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich - April 1984 - March 1985
11. Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko - July 1985 - October 1988
12. Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich - October 1988 - December 1991
13. Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich - June 1991 to December 1999
14. Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich - since December 31, 1999 to present

Head of the government

(Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, from July 1923 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, from March 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, from December 1990 to December 1991 - Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, from December 1991 - Prime Minister Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)

1. Lenin Vladimir Ilyich - November 1917 - January 1924
2. Rykov Alexey Ivanovich - February 1924 - December 1930
3. Molotov Vyachevlav Mikhailovich - December 1930 - May 1941
4. Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich - May 1941 - March 1953
5. Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov - March 1953 - February 1955
6. Bulganin Nikolay Alexandrovich - February 1955 - March 1958
7. Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich - March 1958 - October 1964
8. Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich - October 1964 - October 1980
9. Tikhonov Nikolai Alexandrovich - October 1980 - September 1985
10. Ryzhkov Nikolai Ivanovich - September 1985 - December 1990
11. Pavlov Valentin Sergeevich - December 1990 - August 1991
12. Gaidar Egor Timurovich - Spanish. obligatory – December 1991 – December 1992
13. Chernomyrdin Viktor Stepanovich - December 1992 - March 1998
14. Kirienko Sergey Vladilenovich - March 1998 - August 1998
15. Primakov Evgeny Maksimovich - September 1998 - May 1999
16. Stepashin Sergey Vadimovich - May 1999 - August 1999
17. Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich - August 1999 - May 2000.
18. Kasyanov Mikhail Mikhailovich - May 2000 - to the present

Leader of the Communist Party

(General Secretary Central Committee, from 1953 to 1966 First Secretary of the Central Committee).
1. Stalin I.V. - April 1922 - March 1953
2. Khrushchev N.S. - September 1953 - October 1964
3. Brezhnev L.I. - October 1964 - November 1982
4. Andropov Yu.V. - November 1982 - February 1984
5. Chernenko K.U. – February 1984 – March 1985
6. Gorbachev M.S. – March 1985 – August 1991

• Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (early 17th century)
• Russia in the 17th–18th centuries
• Russia in the 19th century
• Russia in the 20th century

Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (early 17th century)

• IX century. - Formation of the Old Russian state.
• 862- "The Calling of the Varangians" to Russia.
• 862–879- The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
• 879–912- The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
• 882- The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
• 907, 911- Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaties with the Greeks.
• 912–945- The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
• 945- Rebellion of the Drevlyans.
• 945–962- The reign of Princess Olga in the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
• 957- Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
• 962–972- The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
• 964–972. - Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
• 980–1015- The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
• 988- Adoption of Christianity in Russia.
• 1019–1054- The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
• 1037- Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
• 1045- Beginning of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
• OK. 1072- The final design of "Russian Pravda" ("The Truth of the Yaroslavichs").
• 1097. - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
• 1113–1125. - The great reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
• 1125–1157. - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
• 1136- Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
• 1147- The first mention of Moscow in the annals.
• 1157–1174- The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.
• 1165- Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
• 1185- The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".
• 1199- Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
• 1202- Formation of the Order of the Sword.
• 1223, 31 May.- Battle on the Kalka River.
• 1237–1240. - Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Batu Khan to Russia.
• 1237- Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
• 1238, 4 March. — The Battle of the River City.
• 1240, July 15. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the Neva River. Nicknamed Nevsky.
• 1240- The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars of Kyiv.
• 1242, April 5. - Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipus.
• 1243. - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
• 1252–1263. - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the grand princely Vladimir throne.
• 1264- The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
• 1276- Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
• 1325–1340- The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
• 1326- Transferring the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
• 1327- The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
• 1359–1389- The reign of Prince (from 1362 - Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 - Donskoy) in Moscow.
• OK. 1360–1430. - The life and work of Andrei Rublev.
• 1378. - Battle on the Vozha River.
• 1380 8 September- Battle of Kulikovo.
• 1382. - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
• 1389–1425. - The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
• 1410., July 15- Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.
• 1425–1453. - Dynastic war between the sons and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy.
• 1439. - The Florentine Church Union on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
• 1448– Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Russia. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
• 1453- Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1462–1505- The reign of Ivan III.
• 1463- Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow.
• 1469–1472- Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.
• 1471- The battle on the Shelon River of Moscow and Novgorod troops.
• 1478- Accession of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
• 1480. - "Standing on the Ugra River." Liquidation of the Horde yoke.
• 1484–1508- Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.
• 1485- Accession of Tver to Moscow.
• 1497- Compilation of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III. Establishment of uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the whole country, restriction of the right of a peasant to move from one feudal lord to another - a week before and a week after November 26 (St. George's Day in autumn).
• Late 15th - early 16th century– Completion of the process of folding the Russian centralized state.
• 1503- The controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-possessors, who preached the rejection of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the possessors, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
• 1503- Accession to Moscow of the South-Western Russian lands.
• 1505–1533- The reign of Basil III.
• 1510- Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
• 1514- Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.
• 1521- Accession of Ryazan to Moscow.
• 1533–1584- The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1547- The wedding of Ivan IV the Terrible to the kingdom.
• 1549- The beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.
• 1550- Adoption of the Sudebnik of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1551- "Stoglavy Cathedral" of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• 1552- Accession of Kazan to Moscow.
• 1555–1560- Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
• 1556. - Accession of Astrakhan to Moscow.
• 1556- Adoption of the Code of Service.
• 1558–1583- Livonian war.
• 1561- The defeat of the Livonian Order.
• 1564- The beginning of book printing in Russia. The publication by Ivan Fedorov of The Apostle, the first printed book with a fixed date.
• 1565–1572- Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1569- The conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth.
• 1581- The first mention of "reserved years".
• 1581- Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
• 1582- The signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
• 1583– Conclusion of the Plyussky truce with Sweden.
• 1584–1598- The reign of Fedor Ioannovich.
• 1589- The establishment of the patriarchate in Russia. Patriarch Job.
• 1597. - Decree on "lesson years" (a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants).
• 1598–1605- Board of Boris Godunov.
• 1603- The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.
• 1605–1606- The reign of False Dmitry I.
• 1606–1607- The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
• 1606–1610- The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
• 1607–1610- An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushino camp".
• 1609–1611. - Defense of Smolensk.
• 1610–1613. - "Seven Boyars".
• 1611, March - June. - The first militia against the Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
• 1612- The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
• 1612, 26 October. - The liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders by the Second Home Guard.
• 1613- Election by the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 - The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
• 1617– The conclusion of the Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden.
• 1618 Deulino truce with Poland.
• 1632–1634- Smolensk war between Russia and the Commonwealth.

Russia in the 17th–18th centuries

• 1645–1676- The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
• 1648- Expedition of Semyon Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
• 1648- The beginning of the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
• 1648- "Salt Riot" in Moscow.
• 1648–1650- Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
• 1649- Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the "Council Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
• OK. 1653–1656- Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
• 1654 January 8. - Pereyaslav Council. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
• 1654–1667- The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for Ukraine.
• 1662- "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
• 1667- The conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
• 1667- Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
• 1667–1671- Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
• May 30, 1672- Birth of Peter I.
• 1676–1682- Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
• 1682. - Cancellation of locality.
• 1682, 1698- Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
• 1682–1725- The reign of Peter I (1682-1689 - under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V).
• 1686- "Eternal peace" with Poland.
• 1687. – Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
• 1695, 1696- Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
• 1697–1698. - Great Embassy.
• 1700–1721- North War.
• 1703 May 16- Foundation of St. Petersburg.
• 1707–1708- Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
• 1708, 28 September.- Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
• 1709 June 27.- Battle of Poltava.
• 1710–1711- Prut campaign.
• 1711- Establishment of the Senate.
• 1711–1765– Life and work of M.V. Lomonosov.
• 1714- Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).
• 1714, 27 July.- Battle of Cape Gangut.
• 1718–1721- Establishment of boards.
• 1720- Battle of Grengam Island.
• 1721- Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
• 1721- Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia has become an empire.
• 1722- Adoption of the "Table of Ranks".
• 1722- Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
• 1722–1723- Caspian campaign.
• 1725. – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
• 1725–1727- The reign of Catherine I.
• 1727–1730- The reign of Peter II.
• 1730–1740- The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovshchina".
• 1741–1761. - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
• 1755 January 25– Opening of the Moscow University.
• 1756–1763- The Seven Years' War.
• 1757– Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
• 1761–1762- The reign of Peter III.
• 1762- "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility."
• 1762–1796- The reign of Catherine II.
• 1768–1774- Russo-Turkish war.
• 1770- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles near the Larga and Cahul rivers.
• 1774– Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynarji peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The Crimean Khanate passed under the protectorate of Russia. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
• 1772, 1793, 1795- Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of the Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were ceded to Russia.
• 1772–1839. – Life and work of M.M. Speransky.
• 1773–1775- Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
• 1775. - Carrying out provincial reform in the Russian Empire.
• 1782. - Opening of the monument to Peter I "The Bronze Horseman" (E. Falcone).
• 1783. - The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky treatise. The transition of Eastern Georgia under the protectorate of Russia.
• 1785. – Publication of letters of commendation to the nobility and cities.
• 1787–1791- Russo-Turkish war.
• 1789- Victories of Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov at Focsany and Rymnik.
• 1790- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
• 1790- Publication of the book by A.N. Radishchev Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.
• 1790- Capture by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov Turkish fortress Izmail on the Danube.
• 1791– Conclusion of the Iasi peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The accession to Russia of the Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was confirmed.
• 1794- Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
• 1796–1801- The reign of Paul I.
• 1797. - Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoration of the order of succession to the throne by birthright in the male line.
• 1797- Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.
• 1799- Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

• 1801–1825- The reign of Alexander I.
• 1802– Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums.
• 1803- Decree on "free cultivators".
• 1803– Adoption of a charter that introduced the autonomy of universities.
• 1803–1804– The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
• 1804–1813- Russian-Iranian war. It ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
• 1805–1807– Participation of Russia in III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
• 1805 December.- The defeat of the Russian and Austrian troops in the battle of Austerlitz.
• 1806–1812- Russo-Turkish war.
• 1807- The defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
• 1807– Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia's consent to the creation of the vassal France of the Duchy of Warsaw).
• 1808–1809- Russo-Swedish war. Accession of Finland to the Russian Empire.
• 1810– Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M.M. Speransky.
• 1812, June - December. - Patriotic war with Napoleon.
• 1812– Conclusion of the Bucharest peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war.
• 1812, August, 26th- Battle of Borodino.
• 1813–1814- Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
• 1813- "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
• 1813– The conclusion of the Gulistan peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war.
• 1814–1815- Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Accession to Russia of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland).
• 1815- Creation of the "Holy Alliance".
• 1815- Granting of the Constitution by Alexander I to the Kingdom of Poland.
• 1816. - The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A.A. Arakcheev.
• 1816–1817- Activities of the Union of Salvation.
• 1817–1864- Caucasian war.
• 1818–1821- Activities of the Union of Welfare.
• 1820- The discovery of Antarctica by Russian sailors under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 - Formation of the Northern and Southern societies of the Decembrists.
• 1821–1881– Life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky.
• 1825, December 14.- The uprising of the Decembrists on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
• December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826.- The uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
• 1825–1855- The reign of Nicholas I.
• 1826–1828- Russian-Iranian war.
• 1828– Conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. The death of A.S. Griboyedov.
• 1828–1829- Russo-Turkish war.
• 1829– The conclusion of the Adrianople peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war.
• 1831–1839- The activities of the circle N.V. Stankevich.
• 1837. - Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.
• 1837–1841– Conducting P.D. Kiselev reforms in the management of state peasants.
• 1840s–1850s— Disputes between Slavophiles and Westernizers.
• 1839–1843- Monetary reform E.F. Kankrin.
• 1840–1893. – Life and work of P.I. Tchaikovsky.
• 1844–1849. - The activities of the circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
• 1851- Opening of the railway Moscow - St. Petersburg.
• 1853–1856- Crimean War.
• 1853 November- Battle of Sinop.
• 1855–1881- The reign of Alexander II.
• 1856- Paris Congress.
• 1856– Foundation of P.M. Tretyakov collection of Russian art in Moscow.
• 1858, 1860– Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
• 1861 February 19- The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
• 1861–1864- The activities of the organization "Earth and Freedom".
• 1862- Formation of the "Mighty Handful" - an association of composers (M.A. Balakirev, Ts.A. Cui, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky Korsakov, A.P. Borodin).
• 1864 Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
• 1864–1885- Accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
• 1867– Sale of Alaska to the USA.
• 1869– Discovery by D. I. Mendeleev of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements.
• 1870- City government reform.
• 1870–1923– Activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.
• 1873- Creation of the "Union of the Three Emperors".
• 1874- Carrying out military reform - the introduction of universal military duty.
• 1874, 1876- Implementation of populists "going to the people."
• 1876–1879– Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
• 1877–1878- Russo-Turkish war.
• 1878- Treaty of San Stefano.
• 1878- Congress of Berlin.
• 1879. - The split of the organization "Land and Freedom". The emergence of the organizations "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution".
• 1879–1881- The activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya".
• 1879–1882- Establishment of the Triple Alliance.
• March 1, 1881- Assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
• 1881–1894- The reign of Alexander III.
• 1882– Cancellation of the temporarily obligated position of the peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
• 1883–1903- Activities of the Emancipation of Labor group.
• 1885- A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuev (Morozov strike).
• 1887- Adoption of the circular "on cook's children".
• 1889- Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".
• 1891–1893- Registration of the Franco-Russian Union.
• 1891–1905- Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
• 1892– Transfer of P.M. Tretyakov of his collection of Russian art as a gift to the city of Moscow.
• 1894–1917- The reign of Nicholas II.
• 1895- Invention of A.S. Popov radio communications.
• 1895- Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
• 1897- The first general census of the population of Russia.
• 1897– Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
• 1898- I Congress of the RSDLP.
• 1899- The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament, convened on the initiative of Russia.

Russia in the 20th century

• 1901–1902- The creation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
• 1903- II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
• 1903- Creation of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists.
• 1904–1905- Russo-Japanese War.
• 1904 August- The battle near the city of Liaoyang.
• 1904 September- Battle on the Shahe River.
• January 9, 1905- Bloody Sunday. Beginning of the first Russian revolution.
• 1905–1907- The first Russian revolution.
• February 1905- The defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.
• May 1905- The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.
• 1905 June- Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".
• 1905 August- The conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the results of the Russo-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
• 1905 October 17– Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”.
• 1905 November- Creation of the "Union of the Russian people".
• 1905 December- Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.
• 1906 April–July- Activities of the First State Duma.
• November 9, 1906- Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
• 1907 February–June- Activities of the II State Duma.
• June 3, 1907- Dissolution of the II State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3 coup).
• 1907–1912. - Activities of the III State Duma.
• 1907 August– Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formalization of the Entente alliance.
• 1912- Lena execution.
• 1912–1917- Activities of the IV State Duma.
• 1914, August 1 - 1918, November 9- World War I.
• 1915 August. – Creation of the Progressive block.
• May 1916- Brusilovsky breakthrough.
• February 1917- February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.
• March 2, 1917- Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
• May 1917- Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.
• June 1917- Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
• July 1917- Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.
• 1917 August- Kornilov rebellion.
• 1917 September 1- Proclamation of Russia as a republic.
• 1917 October 24–26- Armed uprising in Petrograd. The overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). The adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. - Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
• March 3, 1918- The conclusion of the Brest peace between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The agreement was canceled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
• 1918–1920- Civil war in Russia.
• 1918- Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
• 1918–1921 March- The Soviet government's policy of "war communism".
• 1918 July- The execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg.
• 1920–1921- Anti-Bolshevik uprisings of peasants in the Tambov and Voronezh regions ("Antonovshchina"), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.
• March 1921- The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus departed to Poland.
• 1921 February–March- The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of "war communism".
• March 1921- X Congress of the RCP (b). Transition to NEP.
• 1922- Genoese conference.
• December 30, 1922- Formation of the USSR.
• 1924- Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR.
• 1925 December- XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course for the industrialization of the country. Defeat of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Opposition".
• 1927 December- XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course towards the collectivization of agriculture.
• 1928–1932- The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1929. - The beginning of complete collectivization.
• 1930– Completion of the construction of Turksib.
• 1933–1937. - The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1934- Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
• 1934 December 1- The murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.
• 1936– Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
• 1939 August 23- Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany.
• 1939, September 1 - 1945, September 2- The Second World War.
• 1939, November - 1940, March- Soviet-Finnish war.
• 1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9- The Great Patriotic War.
• 1941 July–September- Battle of Smolensk.
• 1941 December 5–6- Counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow.
• November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943- The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943 July–August- Battle of Kursk.
• 1943 September–December- The battle for the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943 November 28 - December 1- Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• January 1944- The final liquidation of the blockade of Leningrad.
• 1944 January–February- Korsun Shevchenko operation.
• 1944 June–August- Operation to liberate Belarus ("Bagration").
• 1944 July–August- Lvov-Sandomierz operation.
• 1944 August- Iasi Chisinau operation.
• 1945 January–February- Vistula Oder operation.
• 1945 February 4–11- Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945 April–May- Berlin operation.
• April 25, 1945- Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
• May 8, 1945- Capitulation of Germany.
• 1945 July 17- August 2 - Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945, August - September- Defeat of Japan. The signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. End of World War II.
• 1946- Beginning of the Cold War.
• 1948– Breaking diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
• 1949. - The beginning of the campaign against "cosmopolitanism".
• 1949– Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
• 1949. - Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.
• March 5, 1953- Death of J.S. Stalin.
• 1953 August- Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR.
• 1953 September - 1964 October- The election of N. S. Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Removed from office in October 1964
• 1954– The Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
• 1955. – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
• 1956., February- XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences."
• 1956., October November- Uprising in Hungary; crushed by Soviet troops.
• 1957., The 4th of October- The launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
• 1961 G., April 12th- Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space.
• 1961, October- XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism. 1962 - Caribbean crisis.
• 1962, June– Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting demonstration of workers.
• 1963, August- The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
• 1965- The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygin.
• 1968- Entering the troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia.
• 1972 May– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1975– Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
• 1979– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1979–1989– “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
• 1980, July August- Olympic Games in Moscow.
• 1985., March– Election of M.S. Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
• 1986., 26 April- The Chernobyl accident.
• 1987- The conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles.
• 1988. - XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for the reform of the political system.
• 1989, May- June. - First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
• 1990., March- Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of the 6th article.
• 1990., 12 June- The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.
• 1991. 12 June- Election of B.N. Yeltsin President of the RSFSR.
• 1991., July– Signing of the treaty between the USSR and the USA on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START 1).
• 1991., August 19–21- Attempted coup d'état (GKChP).
• 1991 G., December 8- Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.
• 1991 December 25- Addition of M.S. Gorbachev of the powers of the President of the USSR.
• 1992. - The beginning of a radical economic reform E.T. Gaidar.
• 1993., January– Signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the reduction of strategic offensive arms (START 2).
• 1993, October 3–4- Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
• 1993., 12 December- Elections to the Federal Assembly - the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• 1994. - Accession of the Russian Federation to the NATO program "Partnership for Peace".
• 1994., December- The beginning of large-scale actions against the Chechen separatists.
• 1996. - Russia's accession to the Council of Europe.
• 1996, July- Election of B.N. Yeltsin President of the Russian Federation (for the second term).
• 1997– Creation on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev State TV channel "Culture".
• 1998, August– Financial crisis in Russia (default).
• 1999., September- The beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.
• 2000, March- Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
• 2000– Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh.I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
• 2002- Treaty between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
• 2003. – Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to A.A. Abrikosov and V.L. Ginzburg for his work in the field of quantum physics, in particular, for studies of superconductivity and superfluidity.
• 2004., March- Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
• 2005– Creation of the Public Chamber.
• 2006. - Launch of a program of national projects in agriculture, housing, health and education.
• 2008, March- Election of D.A. Medvedev President of the Russian Federation.
• 2008., August- The invasion of Georgian troops in South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
• November 2008– Adoption of a law to increase the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

Must necessarily include the memorization of several of the most important dates in the history of Russia. We offer a list to remember the most important of them:

Brief Chronology of the History of Russia.

• 6th century n. e., from 530 - the Great Migration of the Slavs. The first mention of the people grew / Russ
• 860 - the first campaign of the Rus against Constantinople
• 862 - The year to which the "Tale of Bygone Years" relates the "calling of the Norman king" Rurik.
• 911 - The campaign of the Kyiv prince Oleg to Constantinople and an agreement with Byzantium.
• 941 - The campaign of the Kyiv prince Igor to Constantinople.
• 944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.
• 945 - 946 - Submission to Kyiv of the Drevlyans
• 957 - Princess Olga's trip to Tsargrad
• 964–966 - Campaigns of Svyatoslav against the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yases and Kasogs
• 967–971 - War of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium
• 988–990 - The beginning of the baptism of Russia
• 1037 - Laying of the Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
• 1043 - Prince Vladimir's campaign against Byzantium
• 1045–1050 - Construction of the Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
• 1073 - "Izbornik" of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
• 1100 - The second congress of princes in Uvetichi (Vitichev)
• 1147 - The first annalistic mention of Moscow
• 1158–1160 - Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
• 1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
• February 25, 1170 - Victory of the Novgorodians over the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
• 1188 - Approximate date of the appearance of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• 1202 - Founding of the Order of the Sword (Livonian Order)
• 1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the "Great Khan" of the Mongols and the adoption of the name of Genghis Khan by him
• 1223 May 31 - Battle of Russian princes and Polovtsy on the river. Kalka
• 1224 - Capture of Yuryev (Tartu) by the Germans
• 1237 - Unification of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order
• 1237–1238 - The invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Russia
• March 4, 1238 - Battle on the river. City
• 1240 July 15 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neva
• 1240 December 6 (or November 19) - The capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars
• April 5, 1242 - "Battle on the Ice" on Lake Peipsi
• 1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde.
• 1378 - The first victory of Russian troops over the Tatars on the river. vozhe
• September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo
• 1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow
• 1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur (Tamerlane)
• 1410 July 15 - Battle of Grunwald. Ragrom of German knights by Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops
• 1469–1472 - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India
• 1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
• 1480 - "Standing" on the river. Acne. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
• 1484–1508 - Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Palace of Facets
• 1507–1508, 1512–1522 - Wars of the Muscovite state with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Return of Smolensk and Smolensk land
• 1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow
• January 16, 1547 - The wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom
• 1550 - Sudebnik of Ivan the Terrible. Creation of the archery army
• October 3, 1550 - Decree on the placement of the "chosen thousand" in the districts adjacent to Moscow
• 1552 - Capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Accession of the Kazan Khanate
• 1556 - Accession of Astrakhan to Russia
• 1558–1583 - Livonian War
• 1565–1572 - Oprichnina
• 1569 - Union of Lublin. The formation of the Commonwealth
• 1582 January 15 - Truce of the Russian state with the Commonwealth in Zapolsky Pit
• 1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
• 1590–1593 - War of the Russian state with Sweden
• May 1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich
• 1595 - Conclusion of the Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden
• 1598 January 7 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and the end of the Rurik dynasty
• 1604 October - Intervention of False Dmitry I into the Russian state
• 1605 June - The overthrow of the Godunov dynasty in Moscow. Accession of False Dmitry I
• 1606 - Uprising in Moscow and the assassination of False Dmitry I
• 1607 - The beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
• 1609–1618 - Open Polish-Swedish intervention
• 1611 March-April - Creation of a militia against the interventionists
• 1611 September-October - Creation of the militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
• October 26, 1612 - The capture of the Moscow Kremlin by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky
• 1613 - February 7–21 - Election by the Zemsky Sobor to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
• 1633 - Death of Patriarch Filaret, father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
• 1648 - Uprising in Moscow - "Salt Riot"
• 1649 - "Cathedral Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1649–1652 - Campaigns of Yerofey Khabarov to the Daurian land along the Amur
• 1652 - Nikon's consecration to the patriarchs
• 1653 - Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the decision to reunite Ukraine with Russia
• 1654 January 8–9 - Pereyaslav Rada Reunification of Ukraine with Russia
• 1654–1667 - War between Russia and Poland over Ukraine
• January 30, 1667 - Truce of Andrusovo
• 1670–1671 - Peasant war led by S. Razin
• 1676–1681 - The war of Russia with Turkey and the Crimea for the Right-Bank Ukraine
• January 3, 1681 - Truce of Bakhchisaray
• 1682 - Abolition of parochialism
• 1682 May - Streltsy uprising in Moscow
• 1686 - "Perpetual Peace" with Poland
• 1687–1689 - Crimean campaigns of the book. V.V. Golitsyn
• August 27, 1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
• 1689 September - The overthrow of Princess Sophia
• 1695–1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I
• 1696 January 29 - death of Ivan V. Establishment of autocracy of Peter I
• 1697–1698 - "The Great Embassy" of Peter I to Western Europe
• 1698 April-June - Streltsy revolt
• 1699 December 20 - Decree on the introduction of a new chronology from January 1, 1700
• 1700 July 13 - Constantinople truce with Turkey
• 1700–1721 - Northern war of Russia with Sweden
• 1700 - Death of Patriarch Adrian. Appointment of Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne
• 1700 November 19 - defeat of Russian troops near Narva
• 1703 - The first exchange in Russia (merchants' meeting) in St. Petersburg
• 1707–1708 - Uprising on the Don K. Bulavin
• June 27, 1709 - The defeat of the Swedish troops at Poltava
• 1711 - Prut campaign of Peter I
• 1712 - Decree for the establishment of commercial and industrial companies
• March 23, 1714 - Decree of Uniform Succession
• July 27, 1714 - Victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Gangut
• 1721 August 30 - Treaty of Nystad between Russia and Sweden
• October 22, 1721 - Acceptance of the imperial title by Peter I
• January 24, 1722 - Table of Ranks
• 1722–1723 - Persian campaign of Peter I
• 1724 January 28 - Decree establishing Russian Academy Sciences
• January 28, 1725 - Death of Peter I
• 1726 February 8 - Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council
• May 6, 1727 - death of Catherine I
• January 19, 1730 - Death of Peter II
• 1731 - Repeal of the decree of single inheritance
• 1735–1739 - Russian-Turkish war
• 1740 from November 8 to 9 - Palace coup, overthrow of the regent Biron. Announcement of the regent Anna Leopoldovna
• 1741–1743 - Russia's war with Sweden
• November 25, 1741 - Palace coup, enthronement of Elizabeth Petrovna by the guards
• June 16, 1743 - Peace of Abo with Sweden
• January 12, 1755 - Decree on the founding of Moscow University
• August 30, 1756 - Decree on the establishment of a Russian theater in St. Petersburg (troupe of F. Volkov)
• 1759 August 1 (12) - Victory of the Russian troops at Kunnersdorf
• September 28, 1760 - Capture of Berlin by Russian troops
• February 18, 1762 - Manifesto "On the Liberty of the Nobility"
• July 6, 1762 - Murder of Peter III and accession to the throne of Catherine II
• 1764 - Establishment of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg
• 1764 from July 4 to 5 - Attempted coup by V.Ya. Mirovich. The murder of Ivan Antonovich in the Shlisselburg fortress
• 1770 June 24–26 - Defeat of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay
• 1773–1775 - The first section of the Commonwealth
• 1773–1775 - Peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva
• July 10, 1774 - Peace of Kuchuk-Kainarzhi with Turkey
• 1783 - Annexation of Crimea to Russia 1785 April 21 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities
• 1787–1791 - Russian-Turkish war
• 1788–1790 - Russo-Swedish War of 1791 December 29 - Peace of Jassy with Turkey
• 1793 - Second partition of the Commonwealth
• 1794 - Polish uprising led by T. Kosciuszko and its suppression
• 1795 - Third Partition of Poland
• 1796 - Formation of the Little Russian province 1796–1797 - War with Persia
• 1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns by A.V. Suvorov
• January 18, 1801 - Manifesto on the annexation of Georgia to Russia
• 1801 from March 11 to 12 - Palace coup. Assassination of Paul I. Accession to the throne of Alexander I
• 1804–1813 - Russo-Iranian War
• November 20, 1805 - Battle of Austerlitz
• 1806–1812 - Russia's war with Turkey
• June 25, 1807 - Peace of Tilsit
• 1808–1809 - Russo-Swedish war
• 1810 January 1 - Establishment of the Council of State
• 1812 - Napoleon's "Great Army" invades Russia. Patriotic War
• August 26, 1812 - Battle of Borodino
• January 1, 1813 - Beginning of the foreign campaign of the Russian army
• 1813 October 16–19 – "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig
• March 19, 1814 - Allied troops enter Paris
• 1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
• December 14, 1825 - Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg
• 1826–1828 - Russo-Iranian War
• October 20, 1827 - Battle of Navarino Bay
• 1828 February 10 - Treaty of Turkmenchay with Iran
• 1828–1829 - Russian-Turkish war
• 1829 September 2 - Treaty of Adrianople with Turkey
• 1839–1843 - Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kancrina
• 1853–1856 - Crimean War
• 1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol
• 1856 March 18 - Treaty of Paris
• 1860 May 31 - Establishment of the State Bank
• 1861 February 19 - Abolition of serfdom
• 1861 - Establishment of the Council of Ministers
• 1863 June 18 - University charter
• 1864 November 20 - Judicial reform decree. "New judicial statutes"
• 1865 - Military judicial reform
• April 25, 1875 - Treaty of Petersburg between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
• 1877–1878 - Russian-Turkish war
• 1879 August - The split of "Land and Freedom" into "Black Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya"
• 1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
• 1885 January 7–18 – Morozov strike
• 1892 - Russo-French secret military convention
• 1896 - Invention of the radiotelegraph by A.S. Popov
• May 18, 1896 - Khodynskaya tragedy in Moscow during the coronation of Nicholas II
• 1898 March 1–2 - I Congress of the RSDLP
• 1902 - Formation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs)
• 1904–1905 - Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 January 9 - "Bloody Sunday" Beginning of the first Russian revolution
• 1905 April - Formation of the Russian Monarchist Party and the "Union of the Russian People".
• 1905 May 12-June 1 - General strike in Ivanovo-Voskresensk. Formation of the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies
• 1905 May 14–15 – Battle of Tsushima
• 1905 June 9–11 – Łódź Uprising
• 1905 June 14–24 - Uprising on the battleship Potemkin
• 1905 August 23 - Treaty of Portsmouth with Japan
• 1905 October 12–18 – Constituent Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)
• 1905 October 13 - Creation of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies
• October 17, 1905 - Manifesto of Nicholas II
• 1905 November - The emergence of the "Union of October 17" (Octobrists)
• 1905 December 9–19 - Moscow armed uprising
• 1906 April 27-July 8 - First State Duma
• 1906 November 9 - Beginning of the agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin
• 1914 July 19 (August 1) - Germany declares war on Russia. The beginning of the first world war
• 1916 May 22-July 31 - Brusilovsky breakthrough
• December 17, 1916 - Assassination of Rasputin
• February 26, 1917 - Beginning of the transition of troops to the side of the revolution
• February 27, 1917 - February Revolution. The overthrow of the autocracy in Russia
• March 3, 1917 - Abdication led. book. Mikhail Alexandrovich. Declaration of the Provisional Government
• 1917 June 9–24 - I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
• 1917 August 25-September 1 - Kornilov rebellion
• 1917 October 24–25 – Armed Bolshevik coup. Overthrow of the Provisional Government
• October 25, 1917 - Opening of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets
• October 26, 1917 - Decrees of the Soviets on peace, on land. "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia"
• 1917 November 12 - Elections to the Constituent Assembly
• December 7, 1917 - Decision of the Council of People's Commissars to create the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution (VChK)
• December 14, 1917 - Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the nationalization of banks
• December 18, 1917 - Independence of Finland
• 1918–1922 - Civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire
• January 6, 1918 - Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
• January 26, 1918 - Decree on the transition to a new calendar style from February 1 (14)
• 1918 - March 3 - The conclusion of the Brest peace
• July 10, 1918 - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
• January 16, 1920 - The blockade of Soviet Russia by the Entente is lifted
• 1920 - Soviet-Polish war
• 1921 February 28-March 18 - Kronstadt uprising
• 1921 March 8–16 - X Congress of the RCP (b). Decision on the "new economic policy"
• March 18, 1921 - Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland
• 1922 April 10-May 19 - Genoa Conference
• 1922 April 16 - Rappal Separate Treaty of the RSFSR with Germany
• December 27, 1922 - Formation of the USSR
• December 30, 1922 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR
• January 31, 1924 - Approval of the Constitution of the USSR
• 1928 October - 1932 December - First five-year plan. Beginning of industrialization in the USSR
• 1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
• 1933–1937 - Second Five Year Plan
• December 1, 1934 - Assassination of S.M. Kirov. Deployment of mass terror in the USSR
• December 5, 1936 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR
• August 23, 1939 - Soviet-German non-aggression pact
• 1939 September 1 - German attack on Poland. Beginning of World War II
• September 17, 1939 - The entry of Soviet troops into Poland
• September 28, 1939 - Soviet-German treaty "on friendship and borders"
• 1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
• June 28, 1940 - The entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia
• 1940 June-July - Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
• April 13, 1941 - Soviet-Japanese Treaty of Neutrality
• June 22, 1941 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War
• 1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War
• 1945 September 2 - Japan's Unconditional Surrender Act
• November 20, 1945 - October 1, 1946 - Nuremberg Trials
• 1946–1950 - The fourth five-year plan. Restoration of the destroyed national economy
• 1949 January 5–8 - Creation of CMEA
• August 29, 1949 - The first test of the atomic bomb in the USSR
• June 27, 1954 - Start-up of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk
• 1955 14m; 1st - Establishment of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO)
• 1955 July 18–23 - Meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and France in Geneva
• 1956 February 14–25 - XX Congress of the CPSU
• June 30, 1956 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences"
• October 4, 1957 - Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR
• April 12, 1961 - Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft
• 1965 - Reform of the economic mechanism of economic management in the USSR
• 1968 August 21 - Intervention of the countries of the Warsaw Treaty Organization in Czechoslovakia
• 1971, March 30-April 9 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU
• May 26, 1972 - Signing in Moscow of the "Fundamentals of Relations between the USSR and the USA". The beginning of the policy of "détente"
• October 7, 1977 - Adoption of the Constitution of "developed socialism" of the USSR
• December 24, 1979 - The beginning of the intervention of Soviet troops in Afghanistan
• April 26, 1986 - Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
• 1987 June-July - The beginning of the policy of "perestroika" in the USSR
• 1988 June 28-July 1 - XIX conference of the CPSU. The beginning of political reform in the USSR
• 1989 May 25-June 9. - I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, elected on the basis of amendments to the Constitution of the USSR
• 1990 March 11 - Adoption of the Act of Independence of Lithuania.
• 1990 March 12–15 - III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
• 1990 May 1st-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
• March 17, 1991 - Referendum on the preservation of the USSR and the introduction of the post of President of the RSFSR
• June 12, 1991 - Presidential elections in Russia
• 1991 July 1 - Dissolution in Prague of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (OVD)
• 1991 August 19–21 - Attempted coup d'état in the USSR (GKChP Case)
• 1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the "Commonwealth of Independent States" and the dissolution of the USSR
• March 1993 - VIII and IX Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation
• April 25, 1993 - All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policy of the President of Russia
• September 21, 1993 - Decree of B.N. Yeltsin "On a phased constitutional reform" and the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation
• 1993 October 3–4 – Demonstrations and armed uprisings by the pro-communist opposition in Moscow. Storming of the building of the Supreme Council by troops loyal to the President
• December 12, 1993 - Elections to the State Duma and the Federation Council. Referendum on the draft of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation
• January 11, 1994 - Beginning of the work of the State Duma and the Federation Council of the Russian Federation in Moscow

List of the most important events (processes, phenomena) in the history of foreign countries.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)
- the emergence of the state of the Franks (about 500)
- the reign of Justinian in the Byzantine Empire (527 - 565)
- the emergence of Islam (610)
- the emergence of the state among the Arabs (632)
- Proclamation of Charlemagne as emperor (800)
- collapse of the Frankish Empire (843)
- formation of the Holy Roman Empire (962)
- division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) (1054)
- Norman conquest of England (1066)
- Crusades (1096-1291)
- the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders (April 13, 1204)
- adoption of the Magna Carta in England (1215)
- the emergence of the English Parliament (1265)
- convocation of the Estates General in France (1302-1789)
- Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
- Jacquerie in France (1358)
- an uprising led by W. Tyler in England (1382)
- Battle of Kosovo (1389)
- Hussite wars (1419-1435)
- the invention of printing by I. Guttenberg (1440s)
- War of the Scarlet and White Roses in England (1455-1485)
- reign of Louis XI of France (1461-1483)
- Fall of the Byzantine Empire (May 29, 1453)
- Reign of Henry VII of England (1485-1509)
- Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (October 12, 1492)
- completion of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula (1492)
- opening of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama (July 8, 1497)
- speech by M. Luther with 95 theses, the beginning of the Reformation in Germany (1517)
- circumnavigation of the expedition of F. Magellan (1519-1522)
- Reichstag of Worms. Condemnation of M. Luther (1521)
- Peasants' War in Germany (1524-1526)
- beginning of the Reformation in England (1534)
- Augsburg Religious Peace (1555)
- religious wars in France (1562-1598)
- liberation war in the Netherlands (1566-1609)
- formation of the Commonwealth (1569)
- St. Bartholomew's Night in France (August 23-24, 1572)
- Union of Utrecht (1579)
- the defeat of the Invincible Armada by England (August 8, 1588)
- Edict of Nantes by Henry IV of France (1598)
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
- the activities of Cardinal Richelieu as the first minister of France (1624-1642)
- the beginning of the Long Parliament in England, the beginning of the English bourgeois revolution (1640)
- the adoption by the English parliament of the "Great Remonstration" (1641)
- civil war in England (1642-1651)
- reign of the French king Louis XIV (1643-1715)
- Peace of Westphalia (1648)
- the execution of the English king Charles I (January 30, 1649)
- Proclamation of England as a republic (1650)
- protectorate of O. Cromwell (1653)
- restoration of the Stuart dynasty in England (1660)
- "Glorious Revolution" in England (1688)
- reign of Louis XV of France (1715-1774)
- the reign of Frederick II in Prussia (1740-1788)
- Luddite movement in England (1811)
- Boston Tea Party (1773)
- adoption of the US Declaration of Independence (1776)
- adoption of the US constitution (1787)
- the beginning of the revolution in France (1789)
- adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 26, 1789)
- adoption of the Bill of Rights in the United States (1791)
- Presidency of George Washington in the USA (1789-1797)
- the beginning of the revolutionary wars of France (1792-1801)
- the collapse of the monarchy in France (1792)
- coming to power in France of the Jacobins (1793-1794)
- Execution of King Louis XVI in France (1793)
- Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1796-1797)
- Egyptian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1798-1801)
- Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état on 18-19 Brumaire (1799)
- Proclamation of Napoleon as Emperor of France (1804)
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
- Overthrow of Napoleon (1814)
- "Hundred Days" of Napoleon (March 1, 1815-July 7, 1815)
- proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the United States (1823)
- revolution in France (1830)
- Chartist movement in England (1836-1848)
- "spring of nations": revolutions in European countries (1848-1849)
- American Civil War (1861-1865)
- Unification of Italy (1860s)
- Bismarck's activities at the head of Prussia and Germany (50s - 60s of the 19th century)
Meiji Revolution in Japan (1868-1869)
- Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)
- Proclamation of the German Empire (1871)
- creation of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) (1882)
- creation of the Entente (Russia, England and France) (1907)
- Balkan Wars (1912-1913)
- "The Sarajevo Incident", the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)
- World War I (1914-1918)
- Revolution in Germany (1918)
- Paris Peace Conference (1919-1921)
- establishment of the League of Nations (1919)
- Washington Conference (1921-1922)
- the coming of the Nazis to power in Italy (October 1922)
- world economic crisis, "great depression" (1929-1933)
- Hitler's rise to power in Germany (January 30, 1933)
- F. Roosevelt's "new course" in the USA (1933-1939)
- Fascist rebellion and civil war in Spain (1936-1939)
- Anti-Comintern Pact of Germany and Japan (November 25, 1936)
- the capture of Austria by Nazi Germany (Anschluss) (1938)
- signing of the Munich Agreement (1938)
- World War II (1939-1945)
- Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and US entry into the war (December 7, 1941)
- landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy. Opening of the Second Front (1944)
- US atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9, 1945)
- Surrender of Japan. End of World War II (September 2, 1945)
- Nuremberg trials of Nazi criminals (1945-1946)
- formation of NATO (April 4, 1949)
- Proclamation of the People's Republic of China (1949)
- victory of the revolution in Cuba (1959)
- US war in Vietnam (1965-1973)
- "Cultural Revolution" in China (1966-1976)
- "velvet" revolutions in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (1989)
- unification of the GDR and the FRG (1990)