An interesting idea was expressed by the Russian religious thinker of the 19th century N.F. Fedorov: “Geography tells us about the earth as a dwelling; history is about it like a cemetery.” Moreover, this statement is relevant for a war situation. The history of wars cannot be studied without geographical map, therefore, I propose to work out a methodology for solving test tasks in the Unified State Exam format using a map.
COMPLETE STUDY OF EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR THE USE ON THE HISTORY OF THE MATERIAL FOR THE PERIOD 1900-1945.
high-quality analytics theoretical material
no “water” and empty reasoning
Constant completion of tasks in the Unified State Exam format
great presentation design
constant work with the historical map
constant analysis of documentary sources
constant reference to facts from spiritual culture and art, which are so difficult for graduates
Here are all the topics of the course:
1. Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries.
2. Social upheaval Russian history beginning of the 20th century
3. Russia on the eve of the First World War (1907-1914)
4. First world war
5. Russia in 1917
6. Civil war and its consequences
7. NEP
8. History of the USSR in the 1930s.
9. USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
10. Strategic retreat
11. Radical fracture
12. The offensive stage of the Second World War
The First World War is a “blank spot” on the map of Russian history
2. We plotted the front lines and their movements on the map.
3. We refreshed our knowledge of the nuances of the First World War.
4. We have determined how to find World War events on maps.
5. We continued working with part 1 (test)
6. We analyzed the key event of the First World War in Eastern Front- Brusilovsky breakthrough of 1916.
7. We remembered how to format answers to test tasks of part 1 in the format
Unified State Examination on the topic “The First World War. February Revolution of 1917"
Part A.
1. What are the causes of the First World War?
a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the world map in their interests
b) the desire of the governments of countries involved in the war to distract their people from the revolutionary struggle
c) the desire of the participating countries to take away colonies from the largest colonial power, Great Britain
2. What was the main result of the military campaign of 1914?
a) signing of a separate peace by Germany and England
b) Germany failed to implement its plan for a lightning war
c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
3. When did the February 1917 revolution begin in Petrograd?
4. What are the main results of the February Revolution?
a) the monarchy fell b) dual power arose
c) democratization of the country began d) the Constituent Assembly was convened
5. What is the meaning of order No. 1?
a) the establishment of dictatorships in the proletariatb) democratization of the army beganc) the State Duma was liquidated
6. What was the main reason for the April crisis of the Provisional Government?
a) Miliukov’s note on the continuation of the warb) Lenin's speech at the First Congress of Soviets
c) breakthrough on the front of General Brusilov
7. Why did the Russian army fail during the First World War?
a) poor supply of the army with weapons and ammunition
b) there was scattered action of the fronts
c) England and France violated the treaty of alliance
8. What are the results of the First World War for Russia?
a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated
b) Russia achieved the goals for which it participated in the war
c) during the war in Russia the First Russian Revolution will occur
9. What events became the reason for the riots in February 1917 in Petrograd?
a) demonstration of women in honor of International Women's Day
b) the dismissal of 30,000 striking workers from the Putilov plant
c) performance of soldiers of the Petrograd garrison
10. What two authorities appeared in Petrograd during the February Revolution?
a) Constituent Assembly
b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
c) Provisional Government
d) State Council
11. What changes did the Declaration of the Provisional Government, adopted on March 3, 1917, bring to the life of Russia?
a) introduced broad civil rights and freedoms
b) provided the peasants with land
c) brought Russia out of the First World War
12.What was the composition of the Entente on the eve of the war?
a) England, USA, France; b) England, Russia, France; c) England, Russia, Italy.
13. Germany declared war on Russia:
a) June 28, 1914; b) 07/28/1914; c) August 1, 1914; d) 08/3/1914
14. The Brusilov breakthrough took place in:
15. The Verdun operation took place in:
a) 1914, b) 1915; c) 1916; d) 1917
Part B
1. Arrange events by year:
A) 1914; b) 1916; c) 1918
1. Battle of the Somme; 2. Brusilovsky breakthrough; 3. first gas attack near Ypres; 4. US entry into the war; 5; Battle of the Marne; 6. Battle of Jutland; 7. Battle of Verdun; 8. Miliukov’s note on Russia’s participation in the war to a victorious end; 9. Peace of Brest-Litovsk; 10. Truce of Compiegne;
2.Write the name of the historical event.
Russia renounced all territories occupied by German troops. It was obliged to demobilize the army and pay compensation for damage caused to the property of German citizens on its territory.
3. Reasons February revolution steel.
1 . The agrarian question was not resolved
2. Russian participation in the First World War
3. Lack of labor legislation
4. Creation of the Provisional Government
5. Creation of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
4. Relate.
1. G.E. Lvov A. Minister of Justice
2. A.I. Guchkov B. Minister of Foreign Affairs
3. P.N. Milyukov V. Chairman of the Provisional Government
4. A.F. Kerensky G. Minister of Military Affairs
D. Minister of Finance
5.The reasons for the June and July crises were the authorities.
1. Mass protests by workers
2. Unsuccessful counter-offensive at the front
3. A sharp deterioration in the economic situation of the country
4. Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne
5. Resignation of G.E. Lvov
6. Select events related to the 1917 revolution.
1. Bloody Sunday
2. The fall of the autocracy
3. Establishment of dual power
4. Manifesto “On Improving Public Order”
5. Kronstadt uprising
Part C
Read the text and complete the tasks.
To the garrison of the Petrograd district to all soldiers of the guard, army, artillery, navy for immediate and precise execution, and to the workers of Petrograd for information.
- The Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies decided:
- 1. In all companies, battalions, regiments, batteries, squadrons and individual services of various types of military departments and on naval vessels, immediately select committees from elected representatives from the lower ranks of the above military units
- 2. In all military units that have not yet elected their representatives to the Council of Workers’ Deputies, elect one representative from each company, who will present themselves with written certificates to the State Duma building by 10 a.m. on March 2
- 3. In all his political speeches military unit subordinate to the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and its committees
- 6. In the ranks and when performing official duties, soldiers must observe the strictest military discipline
- 7. Rough treatment of soldiers of all military ranks and, in particular, addressing them as “you” is prohibited
C1. Write the title of the document and the date of its adoption.
C2. Reveal the main provisions of the document characterizing relations with the military.
C3. What event led to the adoption of this document and what is its significance for the military?
C4. Below are 2 points of view on the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. Indicate which of the above points of view seems preferable to you. Give at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
- The signing of the Brest Peace Treaty was a forced measure of the Soviet government.
- The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was beneficial for the Bolsheviks because they were afraid of losing power.
C5. . Compare the historical events of the revolution of 1905 and the revolution of 1917. Name at least 2 general provisions and at least 3 differences in their activities.
Causes, nature and goals of the war
The First World War (August 1, 1914-November 11, 1918) was imperialist in nature, that is, it was fought to redistribute an already divided world. Its events unfolded in the form of an open conflict between two military-political blocs of states that formed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. (Entente and Triple Alliance) and their satellites, who fought for:
- military-political dominance on the European continent;
- redistribution of spheres of colonial influence;
- sources of cheap raw materials and markets for their own goods.
Russia's goals in the war were to ensure the inviolability of its own territories, strengthen its influence in South-Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean straits, as well as annex Western Ukrainian lands that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
On the eve of the war, the Russian army was in a “disassembled” state. The military reforms that began after the failure in the Russo-Japanese War were not completed. Limited funding affected the combat effectiveness of the fleet and did not allow the completion of the rearmament of the army, which lacked modern automatic weapons, vehicles, and communications equipment. Most of the senior command staff had outdated ideas about methods of warfare. The eternal problem remained the poor development of the transport and communication system. Nevertheless, Russian Empire Already from the first days of the war she took an active part in it.
Russia in the military campaign of 1914
Russia sided with Serbia in the “Sarajevo crisis” caused by the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, declaring general mobilization. In response to this, Germany, using an ultimatum, demanded that Russia cancel the mobilization, and having received a refusal on August 1, 1914, it declared war on it. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. At the end of August 1914, having broken through the French border defensive lines, the German army approached Paris.
Being an ally of France in the Entente, the Russian army, under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, immediately went on the offensive in East Prussia(August 4 - September 15, 1914), thereby creating the North-Western Front. Initial successes (the defeat of the Germans near Gumbinnen) soon gave way to defeats. Inconsistency in the implementation of the offensive action plan of the Russian command allowed the Germans to defeat one of the armies in the Masurian Lakes region; its commander, General A. Samsonov, committed suicide. Another Russian army, under the command of General P. Rennenkampf, was forced to retreat. However, this operation allowed the French to survive the Battle of the Marne and thwarted the plans of the German blitzkrieg.
The offensive of the Russian units of the South turned out to be more successful. Western Front in Galicia (August 23 - September 3, 1914), where they were opposed by Austro-Hungarian troops. Thanks to their advantage in manpower, the use of mobile cavalry units, and heavy artillery, the Russians defeated the enemy forces, occupied Galicia, part of Poland and approached the strategically important regions of Silesia and Poznan for the Germans, who saved the Allies from complete defeat by transferring their reinforcements to the problem area. Fearing a German flank attack from Lodz, at the end of 1914 the Russian army went on the defensive.
Russia in the military campaign of 1915
In 1915, the main events unfolded on the Eastern Front. In February - March, the Russian army, at the cost of huge losses, managed to hold back the advance of the German armies in East Prussia. At the same time, the Russians launched their own offensive against the Austro-Hungarians in Bukovina and Poland. The Germans once again came to the aid of the Austrians, breaking through the Russian front (Gorlitsky breakthrough) and displacing the Russians, who lacked ammunition, from Poland, Galicia and the western parts of Belarus and Ukraine. However, the Russian army managed to avoid encirclement, which was what the enemy initially counted on. By the end of the year, the war on the eastern front acquired a positional character.
In the same year, the Caucasian Front emerged, on which Russia was opposed by Türkiye. As a result of successful actions, our troops managed to capture the well-fortified Turkish fortresses of Trebizond and Erzurum.
Russia in the military campaign of 1916
Russian troops in June 1916 carried out a successful offensive operation- Brusilovsky breakthrough (May 22 - June 5, 1916), named in honor of its inspirer A. Brusilov (1853-1926) - a general, a talented military leader and military teacher. During the First World War, he developed a plan for the offensive of the Russian army, relying on breaking through the positional front with a simultaneous offensive of several armies, which was a tactical innovation and did not give the enemy the opportunity to predict the direction of the main attack.
As a result of a swift operation, the purpose of which was to help the Allies hold their positions in the defense of Verdun, they managed to break through a 450 km long front and advance 80-120 km deep into enemy territory, capturing Lutsk and Chernivtsi. The possibility of a deep breakthrough of the positional front was proven in practice. The Austro-Hungarian army lost 500 thousand killed and captured. The Russian army reoccupied Galicia and Bukovina. This offensive pulled back 11 German divisions from the Western Front, allowing the French to survive the “Verdun meat grinder.” However, the lack of reserves and unsuccessful actions of neighboring fronts did not allow the success to be developed. In the fall of 1916, the war on the Eastern Front again took on a positional character.
The impact of the war on Russian society
Russian society and war
The First World War was of exceptional importance for the development of Russian history. It became a catalyst for many revolutionary changes that had long been brewing in Russian society.
At the beginning of the war, the country was swept by a nationwide wave of patriotism. But already the first defeats of the Russian army led to the sobering of most of society, who realized its futility for Russia. Already in 1915, there was a shortage of ammunition—a “shell famine.” Against the background of the rise of the military industry, those industries national economy, which were not related to military supplies, were experiencing a deep crisis. The shortage of fuel resources, primarily coal, led to the collapse of the transport system. Since 1915, surplus appropriation was carried out in most regions of the empire, and anti-war propaganda intensified. The country was in ruins.
By the end of 1916, Russia's total losses amounted to 9 million people, of which 2 million were irrevocable. Huge, often unjustified, losses negatively affected the morale of the army and public opinion about the war. Revolutionary sentiments were fueled by an ever-deepening economic crisis, including a shortage of basic food products, inflation, the introduction of a rationing system, the ruin of peasant farms, etc. The introduction in 1916 by the government of fixed prices for bread and a rationing system for the distribution of basic food products did not produce the expected effect. The peasants preferred to sell their grain on the black market.
Social and political life during the war
In the first days of the war, all parties, with the exception of the RSDLP(b), supported the government and voted for war loans. In the spring of 1915, Special Meetings on Defense, Fuel, Food and Transport began to operate. They contributed to the growth of the production of weapons and ammunition, improvement of supply armed forces. Deputies of the State Duma, members of the government, military officials, representatives public organizations, large entrepreneurs. Military-industrial committees also existed in parallel. The Central Military-Industrial Complex was headed by the Octobrist leader A. Guchkov. Such structures were designed to establish effective interaction between the rear and the front, to receive and distribute military orders.
But defeats at the fronts and the monthly deepening crisis of society led to the fact that the authority of the tsarist government was rapidly declining. In conditions of a political crisis, a Progressive Bloc was formed in the State Duma (August 1915), which demanded the formation of a new government that would enjoy the confidence of the people and be responsible to the Duma. He represented the union of deputy factions of the IV State Duma.
Open criticism of the actions of Emperor Nicholas II begins, even from monarchist organizations (V. Shulgin). In November 1916, the leader of the cadets, P. Milyukov, made a speech in the State Duma, criticizing the activities of the government and the connections of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with “dark forces.” He supported each thesis of his speech with a rhetorical question: “What is this? Stupidity or treason?
The figure of Grigory Rasputin (1869-1916) became a gloomy symbol of this tragic time for the Romanov dynasty. Coming from a peasant background, he became famous due to his closeness to the family of Emperor Nicholas II. He had a reputation as a psychic and healer. Taking advantage of his influence on the empress, he often interfered in government affairs and was repeatedly convicted of waste and immoral behavior. He was killed in December 1916 by conspirators close to the Black Hundreds (V. Purishkevich, F. Yusupov).
Against the backdrop of the crisis of tsarist power, the discredit of Nicholas II, the weakness of the government, in which prime ministers changed four times in 1916 alone, radical forces (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries) were rallying, carrying out anti-government and anti-war propaganda. The activity of the masses grew. By 1917, all the signs of a revolutionary situation had developed in Russia. The overthrow of tsarism became inevitable.
History test Russia in the First World War: the end of an empire for 11th grade students with answers. The test is presented in two versions, each including 10 tasks.
1 option
1. In 1907, Russia signed an agreement on delimiting spheres of influence in Asia
1) with Germany
2) with Great Britain
3) with Persia (Iran)
4) with China
2. “The Powder Magazine of Europe” in 1910-1914. called
1) Alsace and Lorraine, which became part of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War
2) Balkans
3) Manchuria
4) Liaodong Peninsula
3. The Entente included
1) France, Russia, UK
2) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
3) Persia, Türkiye, Russia
4) Russia, Afghanistan, China
4. Germany declared war on Russia in 1914.
1) June 15 (28)
2) July 18 (31)
3) July 19 (August 1)
4) August 12 (August 24)
5. Which of the following battles took place in the summer of 1916?
1) on the Somme River
2) in Gallipoli
3) near Lviv
4) on the Rhine River
6. The events that went down in history as the “Verdun Meat Grinder” took place
1) in 1914
2) in 1915
3) in 1916
4) in 1917
7. Which of the following events occurred during the 1915 campaign?
1) a successful offensive on the front of Russian troops under the command of A.A. Brusilova
2) the Russian army left Galicia, Polish lands that were part of the empire, part of Belarus
3) defeat of the Russian armies under the command of A.V. Samsonov in East Prussia
4) Battle of the Somme River
8. In August 1916 it entered the war
1) Türkiye
2) Italy
3) Spain
4) Romania
9. The reason for the outbreak of World War I was the conflict between Austria and Hungary.
1) with Bulgaria
2) with Poland
3) with Montenegro
4) with Serbia
10. Which of the following was the result of the 1916 campaign for Russia?
1) increasing the length of the Southwestern Front
2) loss of the territory of Galicia
3) liberation of Polish territory
4) conclusion of an armistice with Germany
Option 2
1. The slogan of the defeat of the tsarist government in the world war was put forward by the party
1) F.F. Yusupov
2) G.E. Rasputin
3) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich
4) V.M. Purishkevich
3. Check the position that does not relate to the consequences of Russia's participation in the First World War.
1) the growth of the strike movement
2) inflation
3) increasing the pace of development of industry and agriculture
4) fuel crisis
4. The initiator of the creation of military-industrial committees was
1) P. Ryabushinsky
2) P. Milyukov
3) F. Yusupov
4) G. Plekhanov
5. The supply crisis for the Russian army was overcome
6. Which of the named persons was the leader of the Union of Zemstvos and Cities?
1) A. Kerensky
2) A. Dubrovin
3) V. Shulgin
4) Prince G. Lvov
7. In 1916 the government decided
1) introduce mandatory norms for peasants to hand over grain to the state
2) introduce an 8-hour working day at military enterprises
3) increase investment in railway construction
4) increase income taxes on private military enterprises
8. The demand for convening the Ministry of Public Trust was put forward
1) progressives
2) Social Revolutionaries
3) monarchists
4) Bolsheviks
9. The IV Duma was dissolved for an indefinite period
1) in 1914
2) in 1915
3) in 1916
4) in 1917
10. What event marked the year 1916?
1) ministerial strike
2) creation of the Provisional Government
3) creation of the Responsible Ministry
4) “ministerial leapfrog”
Answers to a history test Russia in the First World War: the end of an empire
1 option
1-2
2-2
3-1
4-3
5-1
6-3
7-2
8-4
9-4
10-1
Option 2
1-3
2-2
3-3
4-1
5-2
6-4
7-1
8-1
9-2
10-4
Period 1914–1918 associated primarily with the First World War - a large-scale event that captured the most powerful powers in its whirlpool.
The war began after the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, by Serbian conspirators in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo in June 1914. Austria declared war on Serbia, in response Russia, as the guarantor of Serbia's independence, began mobilization - putting the armed forces on alert.
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The real reasons for the outbreak of the war of 1914–1918. there were contradictions between groups of capitalist states, the struggle for spheres of influence, markets, which led to the redivision of the world. On the one hand, it was Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, which formed the Triple Alliance, on the other, England, France and Russia, united in the Entente. Nicholas II believed that Russia was well prepared for war, and therefore could not let its allies down. In the manifesto on entry into the war, Nikolai noted that Russia was ready for war and called on all the people to go to defend the Motherland. The consequence of the declaration of war was a national upsurge in Russia, increased respect for Emperor Nicholas II as the defender of the people, an increase in anti-German sentiment in the country, and the renaming of the capital to Petrograd. The people perceived the war positively.
However, the development of military operations was weak, already in 1915 the war took on a positional character, the only success of the Allied forces was the disruption of the plan for a lightning attack on Germany. The most striking event of the military campaign was the Brussilovsky breakthrough, the reasons for which were the attempts of the Russian high command to break through and defeat the Austrian troops in the area of Lutsk and Kovel. On July 4, 1916, the troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of General A.A. Brusilova went on the offensive. Brusilov managed to occupy Bukovina and Southern Galicia, overcoming an extremely fortified position that was considered impregnable by the enemies. As a result of the “Brusilov breakthrough,” the Germans urgently withdrew 11 divisions from the Western Front and sent them to help the Austrian troops.
Unfortunately, a single success did not determine the course of the entire war, the army was demoralized, there was no hope for the sovereign, and things had not been calm within the country for a long time. The soldiers left their fronts and after the October Revolution, on March 3, 1918, a separate peace treaty was concluded in Brest, that is, without the participation of the allied countries. The head of the Soviet delegation was Sokolnikov, but L.D. played a major role in the signing. Trotsky, who put forward the concept of “no peace, no war, disband the army.” It was because of Trotsky’s idea that Russia lost vast territories without fighting, and signed peace on absolutely unfavorable terms. The consequence of the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was the isolation of Russia, the loss of a huge part of the territories of the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, and the obligation to pay a huge indemnity. The “predatory peace” entailed dissatisfaction with the policies of the Bolsheviks both inside and outside the country.
Opinions about Russia's role in the First World War vary; for the most part, this war has been forgotten due to the influence of Soviet ideology. Contemporaries, including W. Churchill, believed that Russia suffered the greatest losses in the war, taking the main blow.
Updated: 2018-03-18
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