L.I.NOVIKOVA,
Troitsk, Moscow region.

Spelling of roots -gar- And -mountain-

Lesson topic: "Spelling vowels O And A in the roots -gar- And -mountain-» .

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Lesson Objectives :

– teach schoolchildren to distinguish between the spelling of roots with alternating vowels;
– develop the ability to distinguish between homonymous roots, the spelling of which is subject to different rules;
– promote the formation of interest in spelling and attentive attitude to the word.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

1. Complex work with text.

Do you know, young reader, that long ago fairy tales were told orally, passing them on from one generation to another. Fairy tales were created by people who dreamed of justice. This is why in folk tales good triumphs over evil.

Writers and storytellers learned from the people and gave us literary fairy tales about the sleeping beauty, the snow queen, and the steadfast tin soldier.

Fairy tales teach us fidelity, kindness, devotion, generosity, and hard work. It’s not without reason that they say: “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows.”

Read the text expressively out loud.

What does the text say?

What do the fairy tales we read teach us?

Copy the text, fill in the missing spellings, and explain your spelling choices.

Make an outline of the last sentence of the text.

2. Text checking, working with spelling.

Students read the text sentence by sentence and explain spelling.

In what parts of the words are the spellings found? (In consoles (told), in endings (You know) and in the roots of words.)

Look at the diagram of spellings in the roots of words, which is given on the board, and give examples for each case.

Examples of which rules were not found in the text? (Spelling of alternating vowels in word roots.)

What roots with alternating vowel do you already know? (Roots -log-//-lozh-, -rast-, -rasch-//-grown-.)

Remember the rule and write down five examples for each root yourself.

3. Preparation for the perception of new material.

Read the words you wrote down with their roots -lag-//-false-(to set out, to lay out, to add, adjective, to lay out).

What examples have you found for spelling the root? -growing-, -growing-//-growing- ? (Grow, plant, grown, grown, industry.)

So, you and I already know that a word can contain not only unverifiable vowels, but also alternating vowels, which in no case can be checked by stress.

We introduced you to the spelling of two roots, in which the choice of vowel depends on the subsequent consonant in the root of the word.

Today we introduced you to another root with alternation.

4. Working with new material. Derivation of rules for spelling roots.

Look at the board, compare the entries in two columns and try to find a pattern in the spelling of the roots. Write on the board:

(Basically -gar-//-gor- under stress it is written A, no accent O.)

Open the textbook, look at the rule that is given there, compare whether you have found the correct pattern in writing the roots. (The pattern is defined correctly.) What does the textbook add to what we have already learned? Are there exceptions to this rule?

5. Primary consolidation of the studied material (vocabulary explanatory dictation).

Flammability, ignite, ignite, burn out, burner, flammable, burn out, sunbathe, tanned, ignite, burn up, burnt out, burn out, heat, fumes, burn out.

6. In-depth study of the material.

Is the rule for spelling roots difficult? -gar- //-gor- what we learned in class? (Not difficult.)

Indeed, for an observant person this is not at all difficult. But sometimes the roots -gar- And -mountain- find themselves in a difficult situation.

At the beginning of the lesson we talked about fairy tales. The text we worked with talked about folk and literary fairy tales. But there are other tales that are called linguistic. With the help of one such fairy tale, we will find ourselves in the country of the Russian language and see what is happening there...

In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived twin brothers in a hut. They were very similar to each other, but still slightly different. One single letter. These were the roots -gor-, -gar- . They divided everything in half. -Gor- worked in an unstressed position, and -gar- took the whole blow upon himself: he worked under the stress.
If the sentence contained the words burn, burners, burn, then the root -mountain- ran to work, and if the sentence contained the words tan, stupor, cinder, then the root was in a hurry -gar- .
The brothers lived together in peace and harmony. But then one day their quiet life was disrupted. We envied the roots in words grieve And mountain the welfare of the brothers. They decided to destroy their peace.
“We are your true brothers,” they whispered to the root -mountain- . - Look at our faces. We are like two peas in a pod and we know how to work just as well. Look here: grief, grieve, mountaineer, mountainous. Take us into your family, and the root -gar- drive away.
The root doubted -mountain- : And he felt sorry for driving away his brother (after all, we’ve been together for so many years!), and he doesn’t want to offend strangers (after all, it’s true, they’re so similar!). What should I do?
Help the root -mountain- !

How can you help the root? -mountain- get out of a difficult situation?

What spelling rule should be used when alien roots are found in a sentence, as in the words grieve, mountain ?

Remember the proposed rhyme and try to distinguish homonymous roots in words.

We are the same in appearance
Very similar, good
But, defining the root, first
Think about it, don't rush.
Ponder our meaning
Delve into the content
Only then will you be able to tell us apart,
Only then will there be no secrets.

7. Performing training exercises.

Task 1 (distributive dictation): write down the words in three columns, distributing them by type of spelling and depending on their meaning. Orally select test words for the spellings being checked.

Grieve, mountain, burnt, mountainous, miserable, sorrowful, burns, flared up, mountain woman, burned.

Task 2 (dictation-confusion): given words, each of which begins with mountains . Your task: write down these words, identify the roots in them, explain their spelling, find among them words based on the rule we have studied.

Humpbacked, skier, burnt out, hot, proud, urban, horizontal, flared up, humpback, mountain rescuer, fuss, humpbacked, proud, burn out, mustard plaster, hot, grieving, burnt, horizon, gorilla, horoscope, pea, bitterness, get excited, redstart, adonis, gorkom, vociferous, neck, bugler, mining plant, pea.

8. Summing up the lesson. Organizing homework.

Compose a vocabulary dictation with words that have roots -gar- And -mountain- .

Continue the fairy tale you heard in class, tell how the roots got out of a difficult situation.

At the tanned chef Proshka

The potatoes got burnt today

Because fumes were oozing from the stove

And they removed the carbon from the candle at the wrong time.

There is a hidden meaning in this seemingly stupid poem that has to do with the spelling of vowels in alternating roots. The poem contains words with the roots -gor- and -gar-. What is the rule for writing this root?

Root -gor-/-gar-. Spelling rule

If we take words with this root from a comic rhyme, we can divide them into two groups:

• with the letter "o": tanned, burnt;
• with the letter "a": waste, soot.

Now it remains to compare the words from the two groups; when comparing, the following pattern can be revealed: “o” is in the unaccented position, the letter “a” is under stress. Hence the rule is formulated:

• Vowels in the root with alternating -gar-/-gor- depend on stress: the stressed vowel is the letter “a”, the unstressed vowel is the letter “o”.

Words with the root -gor-/-gar-. Examples illustrating the rule

Based on the rule formulated in the previous chapter, you can create a table and fill it with examples.

It's not that simple

It would seem that everything is very simple, but it is not so. Words with the root -gor- can put you in a difficult position. This is exactly what is said in the tale of two brothers.

There lived two twin brothers in the country of Linguinia. In everything they were the same: both in meaning and in pronunciation. Their names differed only by one letter: one brother’s name was Horus, and the other’s name was Gar.

The brothers were very friendly with each other. They never quarreled and did their difficult work honestly. And they served as roots in words. The brothers divided their responsibilities among themselves fairly. Horus became an unstressed root in words; his service was not so difficult, but there was a lot to do. Gar went to work under stress. It was a difficult task, but it was not so often necessary to go to work. Each of the brothers was satisfied with their work, and they lived well and amicably.

But then one day Horus met another root, very similar to himself. It was an amazing resemblance. And soon the two Mountains were inseparable. They could be found in sentences containing words with the root -gor-:

The house burned down - the family is grieving.

The pancakes are burnt - that's the wife's grief.

Bitter for Egor - the supports burned out.

Only from this proximity of the two Mountains did the relationship between the brothers begin to deteriorate. The friend kept whispering in Gore’s ear: “Your brother is a slacker. You and I work hard, and he comes running from time to time. Just think, under stress, it’s not so difficult, I can handle it alone. Let’s kick him out and be brothers.”

Horus was completely exhausted from such speeches: he liked his new friend, because he was so similar to himself, you couldn’t tell him apart, and he didn’t want to get rid of his brother. How can poor Horus figure it all out?

Let us hasten to the aid of Horus and help him understand: can the root -gor- in the words “grieves”, “grief”, “bitter” replace his brother?

Can the words “grief” and “burn” be relatives?

What is the root of the word “grief”, for example? Let's turn to Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary.

And we learn that synonyms for the word “grief” are the words “trouble”, “misfortune”, “longing”, “sadness”, “sorrow”. That is, the meaning of this word relates to a person’s internal experience of negative emotions. The words “grieve” and “bitter” have the same meaning.

To grieve is to suffer, to experience sadness, grief.

Bitter - unpleasant, sad, painful.

Words with the root -gor-/- gar- have a completely different lexical meaning, examples of which are: “burnt”, “burnt”. In Dahl's dictionary they are interpreted as follows:

Burn - to be engulfed in fire, exposed to flame or high temperature.

There are also figurative meanings:

• shine (snowflakes burn in the sun);
• desire strongly (burned with a thirst for change);
• work quickly and quickly (everything burns in his hands).

So, it turns out that such strikingly similar roots -gor- (grief) and -gor- (burn) actually have nothing in common in the most important thing - in their lexical meaning. This means that they cannot be related in any way.

But the root -gar- will always be an integral part of the root -gor-, since it also means “to be exposed to high temperatures”:

• tan - dark skin color from prolonged exposure to sunlight;
• soot - a build-up from combustion;
• fumes - gas remaining after combustion;
• cinder - a place where something burned.

Words with the root -gor-, examples of which were the objects of study, can serve as an illustration of the linguistic phenomenon - homonymy, which is characterized by the fact that identically expressed units of language differ in their semantics. In addition to the morpheme -gor-, we can give an example of the root -kos-; its homonym is the root with the alternation -kas-/-kos: mow - touch.

Spelling of roots -gor- and -gor-/-gar-

Being homonyms, the roots -gor- and -gor-/-gar- are subject to different spelling rules. If the spelling of the root -gar-/-gor- depends on the stress, then in the root -gor- the spelling is “Unstressed checked vowel at the root of the word.” The rule for this spelling is formulated as follows. In order to avoid mistakes when choosing an unstressed vowel, you need to choose a test word in which this vowel in the same morpheme would become stressed.

In accordance with this rule, words with the root -gor-: “g...roar”, “g...grunt”, crouched...we check with the words “grief”, “sorrowful”, “bitterly”.

In addition to the root meaning “sadness”, “misfortune”, there is another homonym -mountain-, it means “high ground”. For example, in the words “mountain”, “mountainous”, “mountainous”, “highlander”, “mountainous”, “hillock”, “hillock”, this is exactly the semantics.

These words with the root -gor- are also checked by stress. This means that “mountain”, “mountainous” should be verified with the words “mountains”, “mountainous”.

Root with alternating -zor-/zar-

There is another root in the Russian language with alternation, the spelling of which depends on the stress. This is the root -zor-/-zar-. It has the lexical meaning of “lighting the horizon scarlet when the sun rises or sets.”

In it, unlike the root -gor-/gar-, the letter “o” should be written under the accent, and “a” without the accent. We use a table to clearly illustrate this rule.

Thus, it is necessary to remember that words with the root -gor-/-gar-, -zor-/-zar- have similarities, determined by the dependence of spelling on stress.

Exception words

There are exceptions to every rule. They are also present in spellings associated with the roots -zor-/-zar-, -gor-/-gar-.

Gor-/-gar-	Zor-/-zar-
soot, scorch, fumes	dawn, dawn

All exceptions apply to the spelling "Unverifiable vowels and consonants." The rule for writing such words is as follows: the spelling of untestable words should be remembered.