Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE is:
WEIGHTED AVERAGE (weighted average) An arithmetic mean that takes into account the weight of each of the terms for which this mean is calculated. For example, if someone buys a product in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70 pounds. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80 pounds. Art. per ton and third – 50 tons at 95 lbs. Art. per ton, then in total he purchases 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95) : 3 = 81.7 pounds. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each batch, is equal to (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95) : 450 = 79.4 pounds. Art. per ton.Business. Explanatory dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". Graham Betts, Barry Brindley, S. Williams and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998.
Weighted geometric mean
Main article: Geometric meanWeighted geometric mean set of non-negative real numbers x 1 , … , x n (\displaystyle x_(1),\ldots ,x_(n)) with real weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) such that ∑ i = 1 n w i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\neq 0) , defined as
X ¯ = (∏ i = 1 n x i w i) 1 / ∑ i = 1 n w i = exp (1 ∑ i = 1 n w i ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i) (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\left( \prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_(i))\right)^(1/\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i))=\quad \exp \left((\frac (1)(\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)))\;\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)\right)) .
The above formulas make sense for any values of the weights, except for the cases when some x i = 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)=0) and the corresponding weights w i ≤ 0 (\displaystyle w_(i)\leq 0) . Therefore, as a rule, it is assumed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)\neq 0) . Non-negative weights are also usually considered.
If the weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) are normalized to unity (i.e., their sum is equal to one), then the expression for the weighted geometric mean takes the form
X ¯ = ∏ i = 1 n x i w i = exp ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_( i))=\exp \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)) .
Properties
- If all weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is equal to the geometric mean.
- It is easy to see that the weighted arithmetic mean of the logarithms of some numbers is equal to the weighted logarithm of the geometric mean of these numbers with the same weights.
Weighted average
people, tell me the formula for the weighted average assessment of something, preferably with an example - I can’t find it anywhere, there are references to the weighted average assessment of capital everywhere, but I don’t really need this.
Julia-julya
The weighted average formula is the ratio of the sum of the volume of each indicator multiplied by the quantity to the total amount of all quantities
For example, the weighted average price on the securities market
- N - number of securities for the first transaction, S value of securities for the second transaction
- N1 number of securities for the second transaction S1 value of securities for the second transaction
weighted average price = (N*S+N1*S1)/(N+N1)
I will give an example to make it completely clear.
For example, you bought candy at the price: 1 kg for 100 rubles, 2 kg for 250 rubles. per kg. , 3 kg for 400 rub. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be equal to 1*100+2*250+3*400/1+2+3= 1800/6= 300 rubles.
CAPITALISM
CAPITALISM
(capitalism) An economic system based on private property and private enterprise. Under this system, at least a large share of economic activity is carried out by individuals and profit-seeking organizations, and land and other material means of production are largely privately owned. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of enterprise and trade (laissez-faire); it fully allows for the existence of large sectors of the economy that are state-owned, and the regulation of the activities of the private sector in connection with the need to protect public health, maintain industrial safety and protect the environment. Such regulation, however, is usually expressed in the form of a certain prohibition: the rules establish what individuals or firms are prohibited from doing, but the initiative to perform actions that do not contradict the established rules is decentralized. Capitalism is contrasted with socialism, in which all important economic decisions are made largely collectively.
Economy. Explanatory dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editor: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .
CAPITALISM
an economic system in which private ownership of factors of production is widespread, and the distribution of the produced product, goods, benefits, and services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is characterized by free enterprise, competition, and the desire of producers and sellers of goods to make a profit. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely connected with the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Having gone through a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which it had when it replaced the feudal-serf system at the end of the Middle Ages. If in its original form capitalism was characterized by brutal exploitation of labor, and capitalists were characterized by the desire to completely reject “for themselves” the profit created in production, then modern capitalism is oriented towards social goals, scientific and technological progress, relies on achieving employee interest in work and labor results. Capital becomes not only a factor in making profit, but also in social progress, and capitalism takes on a human face.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA-M. 479 pp.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
See what "CAPITALISM" is in other dictionaries:
The method of social structure established in Western countries. Europe in the 17th century. and later spread to the North. America and other regions. The concept of "K." is both unclear and imprecise: its content is quite vague; class of countries... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (capitalism) Organization of society based on the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of its results and/or control over the means of production. The term appeared in social science relatively recently. Oxford... ... Political science. Dictionary.
- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
This is the exploitation of man by man, and communism is the opposite. The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal distribution of wealth; The inherent dignity of socialism is equal distribution of poverty. Winston Churchill Capitalism is what people do if they... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
CAPITALISM, capitalism, many. no, husband (French capitalisme) (political, economical). A method of production in which the means of production are private property, production is of a commodity nature, and products reach the consumer through... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (capitalism) Economic and political system, in which individual owners of capital (capital) are free to dispose of it at their own discretion, in particular to use it to make a profit. Most economically developed countries... ... Dictionary of business terms
CAPITALISM, a type of society based on private property, market economy and democratic institutions. In various currents of social thought it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage of development of industrial... ... Modern encyclopedia
A type of society based on private property and a market economy. In various currents of social thought it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage of development of industrial society, and the modern stage of capitalism as... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
An economic system in which production decisions are controlled by those who invest capital in private businesses. At the same time, joint-stock companies are controlled by shareholders, and small and unincorporated enterprises are controlled by their owners. By… … Financial Dictionary
Imperialism; equal opportunity society, welfare society, state capitalism, Mr. coupon, free world, free society, formation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. capitalism / figuratively: Mr. coupon (obsolete ironic)) Dictionary of synonyms... ... Dictionary of synonyms
On February 25, after a long, serious illness, which she endured with great fortitude and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, doctor, passed away economic sciences, Honored Scientist Russian Federation, head of the sector of IMEMO RAS.
Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO almost from its foundation in 1956, and all her work activity is connected with this institute. Irina Mikhailovna is a recognized expert in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in market and transition economies, history and modern development economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in domestic economic science of new principles of unbiased, creative approach to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchy's works have been translated and published in many countries around the world. The English Keynesians themselves praised her work “Modern Keynesianism.” Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But with all the heads of the General Problems Sector, and then the Department modern theories market economy, she remained in the full sense of the word “chief researcher”; the work of these teams largely rested on her efforts and unparalleled sense of responsibility.
Monographs by Irina Mikhailovna, collective works published under her editorship, and numerous articles in scientific and popular magazines are among the best works of the Institute. She has done a lot to ensure that the theoretical research of Western economists becomes available to Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world-famous authors. She has written chapters on modern economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.
Irina Mikhailovna’s educational activities were extremely active - she participated in the compilation of the first comprehensive English-Russian economic dictionary, which has already gone through 3 editions; translations of three Oxford explanatory dictionaries on economics were published under her editorship.
Irina Mikhailovna’s kind attention and qualified judgment supported many young authors. She owns a huge number of reviews of scientific publications and reviews of dissertations. For many years, Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State Attestation Commission of the Higher School of Economics.
Irina Mikhailovna was very loved and respected for her high professionalism, comprehensive education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya.
Aggregation
Definition #1-dependence between the behavior of aggregate quantities and their components. (Economics. Explanatory Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editor: Doctor of Economics. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000)
Definition #2- consolidation of economic indicators by combining them into a single group. (Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., revised by M.: “INFRA-M”, 1999)
Adaptive system
Definition #1- a system (technical or living) capable of adapting both to changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in itself. The adaptive system is based on feedback, the maintenance of which is carried out through appropriate mechanisms (for example, the exchange of matter, energy and information between the system and environment, trophic connections between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). ( I.I. Dedu. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)
Definition #2- a system that ensures balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)
An activator is a person who, spontaneously or due to the function assigned to him and accepted by him, tries to raise or maintain at the required level the activity of the participants in the joint solution of a problem. During the decision process, any member of the group can act as an “activator”. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)
Approbation
Definition #1– (Latin approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)
Definition No. 2– approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)
Association
Definition No. 1- (Latin associatio - connection) - a natural connection that arises in the experience of an individual between two mental elements (sensations, ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation in the consciousness of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)
Definition No. 2- a naturally occurring connection between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena reflected in the mind and fixed in memory ( Dictionary of associations "beta" )
Verbalization
Definition No. 1– verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological Encyclopedia)
Definition No. 2– the process of expression through sound designation of symbols of the description of the world (O.M. Reflection at the foot of Being - M: “Amrita-Rus”, 2004)
Gestalt psychology
Definition No. 1- a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the twentieth century, which put forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of holistic structures (gestalts), primary in relation to its components. (Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology, “Psychologos”)
Definition No. 2- a science that has become the most productive option in solving the problem of preserving the integrity of Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of Gestalt psychology, such as M. Wertheimer, W. Köhler and K. Koffka, K. Lewin, created a science to counter structuralism. (Scientific article - “Gestalt psychology basic principles. The concept of Gestalt psychology”)
Delegation is the transfer of authority to another person. It is usually used as a means of decentralization of management (delegation of powers to subordinates by the manager). (Economic Dictionary 2000)
9. Improvisation – (from Latin imprivisus – unexpected, sudden). General concept– creating something (writing poetry, writing music, performing something, etc.) at the time of performance and without preparation. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2013)
10. Innovation industry is the sphere of development, production and implementation of competitive innovations on a mass scale, the goals of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of social life, increasing the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing efficiency, knowledge intensity and the quality of labor and production in all sectors economy, ensuring the country's competitiveness in world markets. (Under the general editorship of Prof. Melnikov O.N. Problems of development of innovative and creative economy. – M.: “Creative Economy”, 2010)
Engineering
Definition #1– the scope of activity to study the issues of creating industrial facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing various engineering and consulting services on a commercial basis. (Financial Dictionary)
Definition #2– a set of engineering and consulting services of a commercial nature for the preparation and provision of the production process itself, maintenance of structures, operation of economic facilities and sales of products. (Finam Financial Dictionary)
12. Incubation is the most uncertain and creative stage, at which the idea “ripens” and insight occurs. (Scientific article – “The Concept of Innovation”, authors: V. Gribov, V. Gruzinov )
Definition #1 is an activity aimed at searching for and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production. ( Scientific article “Innovative activity of an enterprise”, authors: V. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )
Definition No. 2– activities aimed at commercializing accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. The result of innovation activity is new or additional goods/services or goods/services with new qualities (Finam Financial Dictionary)
