“An expert is a person who has made all possible mistakes in a very narrow specialty,” said Niels Bohr. We suggest you not make mistakes, but familiarize yourself with the recommendations of experts on preparing for the Unified State Exam in Social Sciences!
As always, in the second half of the year he pleased us with his methodological recommendations for preparing for the Unified State Exam in all subjects, including social studies. It is always useful to obtain information of this expert level first-hand, directly from the exam developers. Let's try to evaluate the vector of current comments from Mrs. T.E. Liskova, level of examples and find out the main thing.
So, first of all, let’s turn to the materials of the video conference (in this form this year FIPI decided to give its recommendations) I.E. Liskova, head of the Federal Commission for Developers of Control Measuring Materials Let's look at her advice
- There have been no serious substantive changes in CMMs since 2017, which we already mentioned when
2. Experts consider the most difficult tasks 14 and 16, which test knowledge about the activities and powers of the highest bodies of state power in the Russian Federation and the fundamentals
Let us remind you that you can get an analysis of the topic of the Unified State Exam codifier in a free video course on the main topics of the course.
3. They advise you to complete all tasks (although this is obvious), and ask you to carefully read the conditions of the tasks. For example, in task 2, some graduates of previous years looked for something not listed in the list (they made it up), instead of, as required in the condition, finding a generalizing one in this list.
4. Liskova especially drew attention to task 25, related to the analysis of a social science term. Here, failure to implement the concept itself, the analysis of which must be given further in 2 sentences, leads to obtaining a general points 0 for the entire task. Therefore, I would like to once again remind you of the need for more than just memorizing and “cramming” terms (if you forget, you will reproduce them incorrectly - 0). And developing the skill of independently formulating them, for example, in the section of our website.
Their common desire, in our opinion, is to narrow the graduate’s opportunities by showing general intelligence (or pre-prepared templates) to “spill water”, evading specifics in the chosen topic. Although, I think, “METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS...” will support me here, that in some cases general erudition should only be welcomed by an expert.
It is debatable if, for example, in Lenin’s statement (about socialism, restriction of freedom, dictatorship of the proletariat), through his socialism-Marxism you go to the construction of the USSR (as an argument from history to K3).
Sometimes this will also be useful for fulfilling a factual criterion (from history, social life).
Many people start their essays this way. For example: “This statement relates to the field of sociology. This science studies social interactions and social structure..." It turns out there is no need...
The question arises, why? Let’s leave it unanswered, and in conclusion, let’s look at a couple of last year’s essays from FIPI, illustrating these remarks by Liskova.
REAL ESSAYS WITH EXPERT TESTING
And here are real examples. No. 1.
Despite the fact that a lot has been written, there are examples from history (not entirely correct, however), but total score 0. The meaning of the statement is not disclosed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of its understanding.
Unfortunately, almost this entire essay is a collection of unrelated thoughts, not a single term is disclosed by the applicant, and looks like arbitrary thinking (“information noise” is what an expert calls this product).
Example No. 2. A much more meaningful essay, and look right at the beginning. Facts from the author's biography were used correctly. The question is, why not?
Let us remind you that you can quickly and efficiently study ALL topics of the Unified State Exam codifier with the same way as you can get a course on essays! Good luck with these final months of preparation!
We analyze tasks 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 Unified State Exam in social studies
Test tasks 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 of the Unified State Exam in social studies test knowledge of various topics. It was due to the expansion of such tasks that the Unified State Exam test in 2016. These tasks can test any sphere of social life and consist of several answers. The exact number of correct answers is not fixed. And this circumstance is another difficulty of these tasks.
Let's talk about the technology for completing tasks 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 of the Unified State Exam in social studies. Each task is assessed with two primary points, which is not small. If you made 1 mistake, then you will be given 1 primary score. If you make more than 1 mistake, no points will be given.So, let’s look at a few of these tasks and give valuable recommendations.
This task refers us to, or rather to the types of culture that can be observed via the link. In this task you need to choose signs of popular culture.
Of course it will be here The correct answer is number 1: “The media presented the television series as a successful commercial project”
Since works of mass culture, as you well know, sell well... at least better than works of other types of culture. Well, where do you go more often, and what do you pay for: for a movie in a cinema, or a concert of musical folk instruments? I think the answer is obvious!
Therefore, the answer number 2 is not an option to mark!
Option 3 is also incorrect, since self-expression main goal in an elite culture. But answer 4 to this Unified State Exam assignment in social studies will be correct: the television series is designed for average consumer taste. After all, the taste of the average person, for whom mass culture is designed, is not very refined. What do the people need? Panem et circenses - bread and circuses! That is why Channel One constantly plays all sorts of shows - this is the social demand of the population!
The fifth option is focused on elite culture, not mass culture. If it is still not clear why, I recommend purchasing mine video course “Social studies: Unified State Exam for 100 points” , in which I explain everything clearly and hand-in-hand.
And the last correct option: number 6 “Understanding a television series does not require special preparation”. In fact, the everyday life of a city hospital can be understood without special preparation: we sometimes go there ourselves! 🙂 These everyday life in the television series are also extremely embellished... I wrote about the real everyday life of a city hospital)
Therefore, the correct options would be: 1,4,6
From the analysis of this task Unified State Exam in Social Studies it flows out my first recommendation: you need to know well the signs of certain phenomena from different spheres of society!
Let's analyze one more task from options 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 Unified State Exam in social studies:
This task is a little more difficult than the previous one. What's the difficulty? In understanding the task: you need to select the characteristics of the state as a central political institution. That is: how does the state differ from other institutions!
Having correctly understood the meaning of the task, we will choose the correct answers:
1 - has the highest concentration of power;
2 - establishes generally binding norms; (that is, makes laws)
5 - regulates the activities of citizens in a certain territory.
The remaining options may be characteristic of other social institutions, but we must choose the characteristics that distinguish the state!
This is a kind of secret, and I am freely revealing it here... If you want to get acquainted with the topic in more detail, read my post, and about the article
From this assignment Unified State Exam in Social Studies This leads to my second recommendation: read the question carefully and understand what you are being asked about!
Let's look at the third difficult task of type 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 Unified State Exam in social studies:
The task tests the topic of consciousness and activity. Requires you to choose the means of entering the university, that is, the means of activity. I have never openly discussed the topic of consciousness and activity. An analysis of the topic can be viewed in my video course on preparation for Unified State Exam in Social Studies .
But we will automatically determine the correct answers in this task:
2 — classes in an art studio;
3 - study of mathematics;
5 — experience in creating your own works.
All these funds will help Ivan enter the university for his chosen specialty, and since it has been chosen, answer number 6 will be incorrect, like the rest.
In future articles we will continue to analyze difficult tasks. Moreover, I will make short video tutorials for part B, so don’t miss it either subscribe to new articles on the site !
Also, don’t forget to solve this task yourself Unified State Exam in Social Studies:
Answers can and should be written in the comments!
There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest USE subject. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.
Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2020 in social studies:
- There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
- The wording of tasks 28 and 29 was detailed and adjustments were made to their assessment system.
Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?
1. Learn theory.
For this purpose, theoretical material has been selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society
- Human
- cognition
- spiritual sphere (culture)
- social sphere
- economy
- policy
- right
Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.
To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.
Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.
2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.
The examination ticket is divided into two parts:
- Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
- Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.
The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:
- 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
- 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
- 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
- 4 points - 25, 28.
- 6 points - 29.
You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.
Pay special attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.
3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.
The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on
The eighteenth task of the Unified State Exam in social studies continues the topic “Law”; in it it is necessary to carry out correspondences between positions from two columns and enter the results in a table. As with all such tasks, you need to relate general concepts to specific ones - for example, specific examples with what they illustrate, or functions with those who perform them.
18 task of the Unified State Exam in social studies - a basic level of complexity, but maximum possible score for it - 2. It is given in case of absolutely correct execution. In case of one error, 1 point is given, two or more errors - 0 points.
Despite basic level difficulties, often complete task 18 without good fundamental knowledge theoretical material very difficult. It is also very important here to carefully check the answer so as not to mix up the numbers from the second column - after all, the points received for this task can later be decisive. It is also important to remember that the answer must contain all positions from the second column - if, say, there are 3 of them, and you only used 2, you need to double-check the answer and find a place for the third position.
Algorithm for completing the task
- We read the task conditions;
- We study the proposed options in both columns;
- We work through each option in the first column in turn, finding a match for it in the second;
- We check and write down the answer.
Analysis of typical options for tasks No. 18 of the Unified State Exam in social studies
First version of the task
Establish a correspondence between actions and elements of taxpayer status in the Russian Federation: for each position in the first column, select a correspondence in the second column.
The rights and responsibilities of taxpayers are spelled out in the Tax Code, in Articles 21 and 23. However, in this case, you can intuitively guess what relates to rights and what to responsibilities. The provisions under the letters A, B, D are rights, and C and D are obligations. However, it is better to familiarize yourself with these articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: tasks related to them are found in the exam options quite often.
To complete this task, you need to know that civil law regulates property and personal non-property relations - mainly commodity-money and property-value relations. Administrative law regulates social relations arising from the implementation of executive power, and administrative offenses include those that encroach on public order, the rights and freedoms of citizens. Based on this, it is easy to determine that offenses under the letters A, B and D are administrative, and C and D are civil; in examples B and D we are talking about commodity-money relations. In case of difficulties regarding administrative violations, you can familiarize yourself with their list in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences.
| A | B | IN | G | D |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Third version of the task
Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of consumer rights: for each position in the first column, match it in the second column.
| CONSUMER RIGHTS | |
|
A) Elena bought shampoo, but its label does not contain information about the place of production of the product B) Victoria purchased a blender, which burned out during use and caused her burns C) Nikolai bought a jacket, and after two days of wearing it, the side seam came apart D) Stanislav discovered that the tea he purchased contained fruit additives, although the packaging indicated that it was classic black tea D) Tatyana bought lipstick, and soon she developed an allergy; laboratory analysis showed that the lipstick was made using prohibited materials |
|
This example is not complicated: just by comparing the situations with consumer rights, it is easy to determine which of them applies to what. So, in the first case we see a lack of information - which means we are talking about the right to information about goods. Letter B describes a situation with a violation of the right to product safety. In the third situation, a defect in the product was discovered - according to the law on the protection of consumer rights, in this case the citizen has the right to replace the product or a full refund of the amount paid for it. Under the letter G we again see a violation of the right to information about the product - false information was indicated on the label. In the latter case, the purchased product caused harm - which means that a violation of the right to product safety is again described.
This version of the task is somewhat more complicated; To implement it, one must remember that commercial legal entities are created to make a profit in the course of their activities and further distribute profits between their participants, while non-profit legal entities do not have goals related to making a profit and are created for social, cultural, managerial, and charitable purposes. At the same time, non-profit legal entities can also conduct business activities, but only to a limited extent. So, based on this, a farm belongs to commercial entities, just like a municipal unitary enterprise. But a garage cooperative is a non-profit legal entity; it is created by citizens to ensure conditions for storing their cars and joint operation of garages. A production cooperative is a commercial entity - its members are united by shares. The community of indigenous peoples is not created for profit, but for cultural and social purposes, therefore it is a non-profit legal entity.
The internal affairs bodies are the police; it is an executive body and is engaged in protecting the rights, life and health of citizens, combating crime and ensuring public safety. The prosecutor's office is sometimes called the "fourth branch of government"; it supervises compliance with laws, considers related citizen requests, inspects the activities of enterprises, and coordinates the work of law enforcement agencies. Knowing this, you can easily complete the task; the functions of the prosecutor's office include examples A and D, and all the rest are the functions of internal affairs bodies.
Correctional labor is one of the types of administrative punishment, along with an administrative fine, arrest for up to 15 days, suspension of activities, deprivation of special rights, etc. A reprimand and reprimand are examples of disciplinary sanctions that occur in the event of a violation of labor, educational or service discipline. Compensation for damages is the main measure of liability that occurs in the event of damage to the property of citizens, which is regulated by civil law. A warning is another measure of administrative responsibility.
| A | B | IN | G | D |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Slide 1
Unified State Exam Social Studies
Tasks 33 – 34
D.S. Mikhailov
Slide 2
1 (33)
In modern society, the role and importance of civil institutions. Give three examples illustrating the partnership between civil non-political organizations and the state.
Slide 3
– associations of teachers, trade unions of educators take an active part in discussing political decisions in the field of education, amendments to the law on education; – associations of residents, homeowners’ associations together with the mayor’s office and city leadership discuss issues of urban planning, improving the transport situation, and building new parking lots; – journalists, representatives of professional associations of workers involved in the media, oppose pressure on the media, in defense of freedom of speech; – organizations of veterans of local wars and conflicts are demanding the development of additional measures for social protection of military personnel; – environmental organizations and movements discuss decisions on the construction of large complexes, industrial enterprises, amendments to environmental legislation.
Answer
Slide 4
2 (33)
Scientists believe that the main value modern society, its guideline is innovation. Illustrate the innovative nature of modern society with three examples.
Slide 5
Answer
Innovative nature of education. Multimedia technologies are being widely introduced at school; soon a tablet computer will be used instead of a paper textbook. 2) Innovative nature of the economy. Economic leaders are those industries that most actively apply and use new technologies and produce new products (high-tech industries, Microsoft, Google, etc.). 3) Innovative nature everyday life people. Every day our lives include technical innovations and improvements (iPhones, gadgets, e-books, digital television).
Slide 6
3 (33)
List and illustrate with examples any three criteria for social progress.
Slide 7
Answer
humanization of social relations (for example, the abolition of the death penalty, mitigation of criminal laws, dissemination of multicultural ideas, etc.); 2) improvement of equipment and technology (for example, the introduction of new computer equipment, the distribution of iPhones, iPads, space exploration, etc.); 3) expanding the range of human rights and freedoms (for example, abolition of discrimination based on gender, race, nationality, expansion of voting rights, etc.).
Slide 8
4 (33)
There are various social norms in society, including traditions, ceremonies, and corporate norms (business practices). Illustrate each of the types of social norms mentioned in the task with a specific example. (Indicate the type of norm first and then an example.)
Slide 9
Answer
Traditions (for example, Moscow graduates celebrate the holiday of the last bell, coming to Vorobyovy Gory, every year; students and teachers of Moscow State University celebrate Tatyana's Day (January 25) with festivities and drinking hot mead); 2) Ceremonies (for example, the inauguration of the President of the Russian Federation; the tea ceremony in China and Japan, the ceremony of presenting credentials of ambassadors); 3) Corporate norms (for example, the procedure for concluding a contract in a company; conducting negotiations between entrepreneurs).
Slide 10
5 (33)
Name the levels of socialization identified by scientists. Characterize each level of socialization, identifying the agents of socialization.
Slide 11
Answer
1) level of primary socialization. Primary socialization occurs in the sphere interpersonal relationships in small groups; 2) level of secondary socialization. Secondary socialization occurs at the level of large social groups and institutions. Scientists include the immediate environment of the individual as the primary agents of socialization: parents, close and distant relatives, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, etc. Secondary agents are formal organizations, official institutions: representatives of the administration and school, army, state, etc. .d.
Slide 12
6 (33)
The information revolution of the last third of the 20th century led to large-scale qualitative changes in all spheres of society. Indicate any three areas of change, illustrating each with an example.
Slide 13
Answer
a change in the nature of relationships between people in society (for example, instead of vertical connections, obligation and performance, there are horizontal connections based on partnership interaction); 2) a change in the nature of the economy, the economic foundations of society (for example, a new factor of production appears - information, its production, processing, transmission, the importance of the human factor of production - intellectual labor - increases); 3) changes in relations between states (for example, through electronic networks, boundaries between states, nations, people are erased, supranational decision-making centers emerge).
Slide 14
7 (33)
One of the most important differences between a market economy is competition. Give two positive and two negative manifestations of competition, illustrating each with a specific example.
Slide 15
Slide 16
8 (34)
The states of K. and N. border each other. Both states have a proportional electoral system. In K., a 9% electoral threshold for parties to enter parliament is legislatively approved, while in N. the electoral threshold is only 0.75%. In addition, in Kazakhstan, in order to be included in the election lists of parties, candidates must make a significant monetary contribution to the party treasury or collect 10 thousand signatures of supporters. Which country has more democratic electoral legislation? Give two reasons to explain your answer.
Slide 17
Answer
The electoral system in the state of N. is more democratic. 2) - In K., only the most influential and largest parties can enter parliament, smaller ones will not receive representation, and also that part of the citizens who voted for parties that did not receive 9% of the votes will be left without their representatives in the legislative body. In N., almost all political forces, with the exception of the most insignificant parties, will be represented in parliament, and the atmosphere in it will be more competitive and controversial. – The obligation to make a large contribution to the party treasury contributes to the nomination of the wealthiest citizens to parliament, who will defend the interests of segments of the population with the same standard of living and income. In N., where there are no such restrictions, the composition of parliament itself will be more democratic. M
Slide 18
9 (34)
In one of the North African countries, an armed conflict began between the government and the opposition. Many civilians, out of fear for their lives, left their homes and began to leave the country, joining refugee camps in neighboring countries, trying to get to Europe and find work in their specialty. What social phenomenon does it represent? this example? Give the specific name of the social phenomenon described in the problem. Indicate two features (signs) that characterize it.
Slide 19
Answer
The phenomenon described in the assignment is social mobility, one of its forms is migration. 2) The given form social mobility can be described as: - group (encompasses many people); - territorial (geographical) (people change their place of residence); - horizontal (people do not change their status, trying to get a job in their profession in a new place).
Slide 20
10 (34)
T. Parsons believed that culture plays a major regulatory role in the development of society, the individual and the human body. Based on your knowledge of history, social science courses, and your own experience, give three possible examples that support this point of view.
Slide 21
Answer
– Culture, including norms, customs, rituals, traditions, language, etc., determines the environment in which each social community, for example, ethno-national (Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Azerbaijani, etc.) carries out its life activities. – The culture of a national community or social stratum dictates differences in value judgments and standards of individual behavior. – Culture influences human body, instilling hygiene standards, etc.
Slide 22
11 (33)
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Russia - welfare state" Illustrate with three examples the social rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.
Slide 23
Answer
1. The right to a minimum wage. When employed, an employee cannot be paid less than the established minimum wage. 2. Right to a state pension. Women who have reached the age of 55 are entitled to a pension. 3. The right to social protection in case of job loss, disability, etc. In case of job loss, you must register with the labor exchange, which will allow you to receive unemployment benefits.
Slide 24
12 (34)
What trend in the development of interethnic relations can be attributed to international festival youth? Give any two other examples of this trend in the development of interethnic relations.
Slide 25
Answer
The given example reflects the trend of rapprochement between nations and interethnic integration; 2) - examples of economic and political unions: European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), etc.; - examples of international cultural centers: (Center for International Education, Center for Latin American Culture, etc.).
Slide 26
13 (34)
What form of culture can ballet be classified as? Name any three distinctive features of ballet by which you determined this.
Slide 27
Answer
Ballet is an elite form of culture; 2) - created by professionals, people with special training - is not perceived by everyone, but by connoisseurs - for the majority of people it is incomprehensible and boring
Slide 28
14 (34)
Population growth in developing countries has made the food problem more acute. To solve this problem, an extensive path of agricultural development is used - the development of ever new lands. This leads to the deforestation of large areas of tropical forests. The intensive development of agricultural production associated with the use of modern technology is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. The relationship of which global problems can be traced here? List three problems.
Slide 29
Answer
- demographic; - environmental; - gap in levels economic development countries of the North and South.
Slide 30
15 (34)
The ability to act effectively in a non-standard situation, to find the optimal solution to a problem, is not inherent in a person, like an animal, in the genetic program, in instincts, but is acquired in ontogenesis, in the process of activity. Name any two activities that contribute to the development of this skill. Explain how to use it in unusual situations.
Slide 31
Answer
1) game (promotes the development of fantasy, creative imagination, which affects the ability to make non-standard decisions); 2) educational and cognitive activity (involves searching for ways and options for solving educational problems, transferring acquired knowledge from familiar situations to unfamiliar ones).
Slide 32
16 (34)
The family, which arose in ancient times, initially concentrated in itself all the basic functions of ensuring human life. Gradually it began to share its individual functions with other institutions of society. List three such functions. Name social institutions who began to carry them out.
Slide 33
Answer
1. Functions of the family, which were shared with other institutions of society: a) Socializing b) Economic c) Social-status. 2. Institutions that began to perform. 1. Education, religion. Participate in the socialization of the individual. 2. The state protects the rights of children. Army. 3. Mass media. They present opportunities for organizing leisure time and opportunities for entertaining family members.
Slide 34
17 (34)
Many states have introduced an age limit for a citizen to exercise the right to elect and be elected to government bodies. Is this qualification consistent with the values of a democratic society? Give three reasons for your opinion.
Slide 35
Answer
1) The age limit does not contradict the values of a democratic society; 2) - the age limit applies to all citizens of the appropriate age, i.e. the principle of equality is not violated; - the age limit does not exclude other opportunities for adolescents and young people to participate in the political life of society; - the age limit does not violate the principle of periodic election of public authorities; - the age limit is appropriate due to the timing of the political socialization of adolescents and youth.
Slide 36
18 (34)
In one of the textbooks, this phenomenon is revealed as follows: “A set of means and techniques by which society guarantees that the behavior of its members, individual subjects of management, and social groups will be carried out in accordance with established social norms and values.” Name the social phenomenon mentioned in the text. Using the knowledge of the social science course, give two of its elements and illustrate with an example one (any) of them.
Slide 37
Answer
1) social phenomenon: social control; 2) two elements: – social norms; – social sanctions; 3) example: incentive sanctions - praise, applause, prize, certificate, etc.
Slide 38
19 (34)
Firm "Ivanov and K." is owned by a group of persons. The owners of an enterprise are responsible for the obligations of their enterprise in full with the property belonging to them, and have equal rights in managing their enterprise. What legal form does this enterprise represent? Give two reasons for your answer. Give an additional feature that distinguishes enterprises of this organizational and legal form that is not specified in the problem.
Slide 39
Answer
1. The enterprise is a general partnership 2. - the owners are liable with all their property for the obligations of the enterprise - the owners have equal rights in management 3. - each of the participants in the partnership has the right of veto when making decisions; - founders of enterprises can be both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities.
Slide 40
20 (34)
In the country of N., after the socialist government came to power, a large-scale tax reform took place. Instead of a single flat scale for calculating personal income tax (NDFL), a progressive-regressive scale was introduced. What is the essence of this personal income tax calculation scale? Give two reasons for its introduction to society.
Slide 41
Answer
The progressive-regressive scale for calculating personal income tax implies an increase in the tax rate for persons with high incomes, and, conversely, a decrease in the tax rate for persons with the lowest incomes. 2) – a progressive scale allows you to receive additional funds into the budget from wealthy citizens and use them to finance social programs in the field of healthcare, education, and support for the poor; – a progressive-regressive scale makes it possible to strengthen the social function of taxes and help overcome excess social inequality, reducing social discontent in society; – the progressive scale promotes the growth of social responsibility of wealthy citizens, their understanding of the need to help the society that provided them with the opportunity to receive high incomes, etc.
Slide 42
21 (33)
Explain the theoretical position about the essence using three examples creative activity.
Slide 43
Answer
1) qualitatively new goals of activity (for example, the creation of an artificial Earth satellite); 2) qualitatively new means of activity, ways of achieving goals (for example, new ways of solving a problem in physics); 3) qualitatively new results of activity (for example, a computer presentation using new software capabilities).
Slide 44
22 (33)
Give three types of political relations in modern society and illustrate them with examples.
Slide 45
Answer
- relations between political parties. For example, relations of cooperation or competition for power, which can be observed between the parties "United Russia", LDPR, Communist Party of the Russian Federation and other political parties in modern Russia; - relations between the state and social groups. For example, currently the state actively supports the institution of motherhood and childhood in the country, paying benefits (“maternity capital”), and also provides support to small businesses; - relations between the state and the media. The state, through the media, makes statements about the directions and results of the work of the state apparatus (implementation of the national project “Education”).
Slide 46
23 (33)
Use three examples to illustrate the characteristics of Conservative Party rule.
Slide 47
Answer
- the conservative government seeks to maintain the existing situation in the political sphere (form of government, administrative apparatus, judicial system, existing political parties); - conservative authorities often limit the freedom of action of reformist politicians; - the freedom of grassroots structures is narrowed by transferring some of their functions to higher authorities.
Slide 48
24 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the differences in the governance systems of parliamentary and presidential republics.
Slide 49
Answer
- in a presidential republic, the president receives powers directly from the voters; in a parliamentary republic, the president is usually elected by the legislative assembly; - in a presidential republic, members of the government are appointed by the president, in a parliamentary republic - by the leader of the party of the parliamentary majority; - in presidential republics, the president is free to choose candidates for government posts; in parliamentary republics, only deputies of the party with the majority of seats in the legislative assembly receive appointments to the government.
Slide 50
25 (33)
Using three examples, illustrate the interrelationship of global problems of our time.
Slide 51
Answer
1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature; 2) rapid population growth in developing countries aggravates economic problems and increases the gap with developed countries; 3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed healthcare systems and education leads to the growth of dangerous diseases such as AIDS.
Slide 52
26 (33)
Use three examples to show the close connection between society and nature.
Slide 53
Answer
1) natural conditions determine the occupations of people (for example, fishing among residents of coastal areas); 2) minerals, their presence or absence, their development largely determine the state of economic development (for example, the position of oil exporting countries); 3) natural disasters can cause enormous damage to society (for example, destruction due to earthquakes, tsunamis).
Slide 54
27 (33)
Using three examples, illustrate the mutual influence of folk, mass and elite culture.
Slide 55
Slide 56
28 (33)
Using three examples, show the variety of criteria for identifying social groups. In each case, state the criterion and give a specific example of it.
Slide 57
Answer
- age (youth); - profession (deputies); - amount of income (middle class);
Slide 58
29 (33)
Give three manifestations of the role of mass communication in modern society and explain each of them with an example.
Slide 59
Answer
1) presentation to a mass audience of up-to-date information about various aspects of life in modern society (newspapers, television cover major events internal and foreign policy, economic, social, cultural processes and phenomena); 2) participation in the formation of public consciousness of individuals and social groups, public opinion and social stereotypes (mass media contribute to the formation of negative public opinion regarding international terrorism); 3) the possibility of using mass communication in manipulation and control public consciousness(newspapers and television are often used as channels for manipulating the opinions of citizens during election campaigns); 4) participation of the media in the socialization of the individual (through the media of mass communication the individual accepts the social norms that exist in society); 5) familiarizing society and the individual with the achievements of culture and art, the characteristics of various cultures (mass media constantly report on cinematic, book novelties, theatrical premieres, etc.).
Slide 60
30 (33)
Show with specific examples how the relationship is expressed social statuses and roles. Give at least three examples.
Slide 61
Answer
1. The student is expected to master educational subjects school visits provided for by the program; 2. From the head of the enterprise - responsible decisions, care for team members; 3. From a parent - raising your child
Slide 62
31 (33)
Name the three main characteristics of teaching as a type of activity.
Slide 63
Answer
- presence of subjects of activity (students and teachers); - presence of an object of activity (subject being studied); - focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills; - use of teaching aids (textbook, atlas, workbook).
Slide 64
32 (33)
Name any three functions of the state and explain each of them with an example.
Slide 65
Answer
1) economic function (adoption by the State Duma of the state budget); 2) social function (adopting a law on reform of the pension system); 3) legal function (adoption of the Criminal Code); 4) cultural and educational function (state support of folk museums); 5) the country’s defense function (definition of military-political doctrine); 6) function of protecting the interests of the country in the international arena (participation in UN activities)
Slide 66
33 (33)
Political parties are playing important role in the public life of a democratic society. Name any three functions of a political party in political system society and illustrate each with a specific example.
Slide 67
Answer
1) expression of powerful interests of certain social groups (the parliamentary faction of a political party represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of medium and small businesses, and tax benefits for these types of businesses); 2) development of political programs (the political party presented its program for the development of civil society institutions); 3) political socialization of citizens and attracting them to participate in political life (the political party held a series of mass rallies in support of democratic reforms, attracting young people to participate in them by inviting famous pop performers).
Slide 68
34 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed countries and third world countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.
Slide 69
Answer
1) a significant number of local armed conflicts falls on third world countries, some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict); 2) due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes themselves participate in, wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, the war in the Persian Gulf or the American-Iraq war); 3) the poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread in them of the most radical, militant ideologies, whose adherents fight against developed countries (for example, Islamic terrorist organizations).
Slide 70
35 (33)
Name any three features of a limited partnership (limited partnership) as an organizational and legal form of entrepreneurial activity.
Slide 71
Answer
1) the founders of the partnership, along with individual entrepreneurs, can also be commercial organizations; 2) division of capital in the organization into shares (contributions) of the founders; 3) along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are several participant-investors who bear the risk of losses only within the limits of the contributions they made and do not take part in entrepreneurial activities).
Slide 72
36 (33)
Inflation complicates the activities of producers and consumers in a market economy. Illustrate with three examples rational consumer behavior in conditions of significant inflation.
Slide 73
Answer
1) borrowing money, since in conditions of inflation the debtor always wins, he will have to return cheaper money compared to what he borrowed; 2) investing savings in works of art, something that is less susceptible to depreciation; 3) acquisition of a plot of land, real estate; 4) investing money in your own recreation, health, etc.
Slide 74
37 (33)
What economic concept What characterizes the situation when state budget expenditures exceed its revenues? Give three examples of government actions to overcome the consequences of this situation.
