sokha
SOHA-and; pl. sokh, sokh; and.
1. Primitive agricultural tool for plowing the land. Someone from plow (colloquial; about who until recently was a peasant).
2. In Russia in the 13th - 17th centuries: a conditional measure of land, which is a unit of land taxation.
3. Nar.-col. Thick pole, trunk; support, stand (usually with a fork at the end). Tolstaya s. propped up the roof of the barn.
◁ Soshka (see). Soshny, th, th. S plowing.
plowI
a primitive raal-type plow with a wide forked working part (dry) connected to two shafts, into which a horse was harnessed. Until the 20th century the main arable tool of the Russian peasants, especially in the non-chernozem zone.
II
the unit of taxation in Russia in the 13th-17th centuries, from which the state land tax was collected - soshnoe. Initially, it was measured by the amount of labor (in the XIII-XV centuries, 2-3 peasant workers made up a plow). At the end of the XV century. the so-called Moscow plow was a taxable district of various sizes in various regions of the state. From the middle of the XVI century. the so-called large plow, consisting of one or another number of quarters of land, spread; in 1679, the plow was replaced by a household tax.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
Synonyms:See what "plow" is in other dictionaries:
Sohach, and ... Russian word stress
Female initially, a pole, a pole, a solid wood (from drying out, a dry tree?), from where the desiccation, forked at the end, with a fork; bipod and still stand; | plow, old stock or crossbow stock; in tul. plow, pillar, stand, support, esp. in… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Also a support, a fork supporting a fence, Olonetsk. (Kulik.), also by Sholokhov, Ukrainian. plow prop, blr. sokha sokha, other Russian. plow stake, club, support, plow, area measure (Srezn. III, 470), Serbian. cslav. sokha ξύλων, Bolg. plow stick with ... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer
SOHA, a unit of taxation in Russia in the 13th and 17th centuries, from which the state land tax was collected. Initially, it was measured by the number of labor force. From the middle of the 16th century the so-called. large S., consisting of either ... ... Russian history
The unit of taxation in Russia in the 13th-17th centuries. Initially, it was measured by the number of labor force. To con. 15th c. the Novgorod plow was equal to 3 crimps, the Moscow plow was 10 Novgorod. From Ser. 16th century so-called. a large plow consisted of one or another ... ...
Sokha: Sokha unit of taxation in Russia Sokha is an ancient Russian arable tool ... Wikipedia
Plowing tool (from the end of the 4th millennium BC in the Old East, in the Middle Ages and until the 20th century among many peoples of Eurasia). Unlike a plow, the plow does not turn over the soil layer, but rolls it to the side ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
SOHA, plows, wines. sohu, pl. sokhi, sokham, wives. 1. A primitive agricultural tool for plowing the land. The tractor and the plow completely ousted the plow from the socialist fields of the Soviet Union. 2. An ancient measure of the earth in ancient Russia, which was ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
SOHA, and, pl. sokhi, soh, sokham, wives. 1. A primitive agricultural tool for plowing the land. 2. In the old days in Russia: a measure of land, which was a unit of taxation. From the plow (colloquial) about who entered the circle of the intelligentsia directly ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Roe deer, omach, tool, bipod, plowed, measure, plow Dictionary of Russian synonyms. sokha n., number of synonyms: 12 jaga (2) drynda ... Synonym dictionary
Books
- Trees, Sokha P., ... Category: For primary school age Series: out of series Publisher: Samokat,
- Bees, Soha P., Welcome to the magical kingdom of bees! Consider its inhabitants, look into their house, get acquainted with their customs. Watch the bee dance and understand when and why bees dance. Find out… Category:
A special place in the history of the plow is occupied by the Russian plow - a specific tool for tilling the soil of the forest belt. Unpretentious, cut down from a piece of wood with an ax and a chisel, this tool was the most common arable tool in Russia for a long time, until the October Revolution.
Sokha appeared in ancient times among the Eastern Slavs, whose main occupation was agriculture, the main food was bread. They called it zhito, which in ancient Slavonic means to live. Under the pressure of the steppe nomads, the Slavs were forced to populate the vast expanses of forests between the Volga and the Vistula; had to cut down and burn forests for arable land.
A plot of scorched forest was called a lyad, a bush - a raw-cutting field, and a turf - a jug. The common name for such fields is fires or fires. The system of agriculture that spread here was called slash-and-burn. The small fields conquered from the forest in this way were sown by the peasants with rye, barley, millet and vegetables.
It was important to choose the right site for uprooting. Life experience told the smerds that the land in a deciduous forest is better than in a coniferous one. Therefore, the plots were developed in separate islands scattered throughout the forest. After several harvests, the land was depleted and crops fell. Then they developed a new site, and the old one was abandoned for many years.
In the northern regions of our country, this system was still used in the recent past. Mikhail Prishvin, after visiting Karelia in 1906, wrote in his essay "In the Land of Fearless Birds": a little further away, very swampy impassable places begin.This cultural island is all made by Grigory Andrianov...
Even in the autumn, two years ago, the old man noticed this place when he was wooding. He carefully examined the forest - whether it is thin or not very thick! very thin does not give bread, thick is difficult to whip ...
In the spring, when the snow melted and the leaf on the birch became worth a penny, that is, at the end of May or at the beginning of June, he again took an ax and went to "cut bitches", that is, cut the forest. Chopped day, another, third ... Finally, the work is over. The cut wood must dry.
The next year, at the same time, choosing a not very windy clear day, the old man came to burn the dried-up caked mass. He put a pole under the edge of her and set fire to the leeward side. Among the smoke that obscured his eyes, sparks and flames, he quickly ran from place to place, straightening the fire until all the trees burned down. In the forest on a hillock, against a white lambin, a yellow island turned black - it fell. The wind can scatter the precious black ash from the mound, and all the work will be in vain. That's why you need to start a new job right now. If there are few stones, then you can directly yell with a special plow with straight openers without a dryer. If there are a lot of them, the earth needs to be scythed, butchered with a manual slanting hook, an old stump. When this hard work is over, the arable land is ready, and barley or turnips can be sown next spring. Such is the history of this small cultural island...".
Courageous heroes, famous for their military and labor exploits, the people glorified in epics:
"Ilya went to his parent, to the father, To that work for the peasant, It is necessary to clear the oak-bark, He cut down everything."
But, even having the heroic strength of Ilya Muromets, it is impossible to cut down the forest for arable land without an ax. Therefore, arable farming in forest areas arose at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, when the Slavs mastered the production of iron. According to F. Engels, only thanks to the use of iron "it became possible on a large scale farming, crop farming, and at the same time an increase in living supplies, practically unlimited for the conditions of that time; then uprooting the forest and clearing it for arable land and meadows, which again in It was impossible to produce large sizes without an iron ax and an iron shovel.
The peculiarity of land development and their use influenced the nature of agriculture and the design of the soil-cultivating tools of the Slavs. Obviously, they learned from the Scythian plowmen about a loosening tillage tool - a ral and used it to cultivate cultivated soft soils. However, such a tool turned out to be completely unsuitable for processing forest clearings for slash-and-burn agriculture. A horizontally placed plowshare clung to the roots remaining in the soil and broke off.
Therefore, even before the use of iron, the simplest wooden tool, indispensable in slash-and-burn agriculture, the knotted harrow, became widespread among the Slavs.
They made a buncher right there in the forest from spruce. They chopped off the top, cut down small branches and left only large ones, chopped off at a distance of 50 - 70 cm from the trunk. The knot was attached to the horse with a rope hooked to the top of the trunk. During the movement, the knot made turns around its axis. Straight teeth - the branches easily jumped over the remains of the roots and loosened the soil well. The knotter was also used for planting seeds sown on the surface of the field.
Subsequently, the Slavs began to manufacture an artificial knot - a multi-toothed plow. Such tools were used by the peasants of the northern regions even at the end of the last century. They were called suckers. The coulter teeth were attached to a special crossbar vertically or with a slight inclination to the soil surface.
This design of the plow was suitable for processing areas cleared from the forest. They were light and had great maneuverability. When meeting with roots or stones, the plow came out of the ground, rolling over an obstacle and quickly deepening again. At the same time, she loosened the soil quite well.
The choice of the number of teeth of the plow was determined by the strength of the horse. Therefore, two-tooth and three-tooth plows were more often used. In terms of traction, they were quite within the power of a small and weak old Russian horse.
Further improvement of the plow took place in close connection with the development of the slash-and-burn system of agriculture. Careful clearing of the field, uprooting of large and small stumps and their roots created conditions for tillage with multi-toothed plows with small iron openers, and later with two-toothed forest plows or herons, although the openers were still installed vertically to the soil and therefore unloaded, furrowed the ground. Finally, a late type of ordinary plow was created, which has come down to our times.
In the old days, a sokhoi was called a "fork", any bough, rod or trunk that ends at one of its ends with a bifurcation: two horns or teeth. This is the broad meaning of the word "plow" - the main and most ancient. This is confirmed, for example, by the use of the word "plow" to the expression "moose deer". The use of this word in the meaning of "arable implement" is later and particular.
Initially, the Russian people called the plow such an agricultural tool, in which the working body had a forked end. Two rails were mounted on the ends. In Russian folklore, one can often find proverbs and folk riddles confirming the two-toothedness of the plow: "Danila's brothers broke the road to clay"; "Baba Yaga with a pitchfork, feeds the whole world, she is hungry herself."
The skeleton (body) of the plow is a triangle in shape. One side of the triangle is formed by the plow stand, which forms its basis. They called her dry. The rest of the coulter parts were attached to the dryer. The second (upper horizontal) side of the triangle is formed by plow shafts. They were called crimps. The third side, connecting the bottom of the rassokha with the shafts, was formed by rootstocks.
Rassokha also had other local names: a dam, a chopping block, a paw, a plutilo, etc. A chopping block is a thick stick slightly curved and forked at the bottom. It was cut down, as a rule, from the lower part of a birch, aspen or oak tree. Sometimes a tree with roots was chosen.
Rassokha was processed and fixed so that the lower forked end was somewhat bent forward. On the horns of the dryness, iron tips were placed - ralniki, so that they were turned with their points not down, but forward. The upper end of the rassokha was connected to the crimps of the plow with the help of a thin rod - a horn. The attachment was not rigid. Therefore, the rassoha had some free play relative to the horns. By moving the upper end of the rassokha along the horn back and forth, they changed the slope of the rake to the surface of the field - they regulated the depth of plowing. Rogal also served as a handle for the plowman. Therefore, the expression "to take up the horn" meant to take up arable land.
Ralniks were made in the form of triangular knives with a bell for fastening on the horns of the dry. Rassukh was planted not in one plane, but with a groove so that the soil layer was cut both from below and from the side. This reduced traction and made it easier for the horse to work. By changing the slope of the plow, it was even possible to roll the layers to the side.
For plowing uprooted and stony fields, narrow and long rakes were placed on the plow, resembling a chisel or a stake in their appearance. They were called "stake ralniks", and plow - "stake plow". On old arable lands, cleared of roots and stones, plows with feather rakes were used. Such feather plows were the most common. The depth of plowing was regulated by pulling up or lowering the shafts with the help of a saddle, to which their front ends were attached. Raising the shafts, reduced the depth of plowing, lowering - increased.
The depth of plowing was also changed with the help of rod or rope stocks. When twisting the rootstocks with a stick inserted between them, the angle between the dryness and the compressions decreased and the rake was set more flat. The depth of plowing decreased. When unwinding the rootstocks, the plowing depth increased.
It was not easy to manage the plow. The plowman needed remarkable strength, as he had to help the horse. The ideal of such a plowman is Mikula Selyaninovich.
Bylina draws Prince Volga at the moment when he meets a free peasant in the field - plowman Mikula Selyaninovich, and sings of free peasant labor, its beauty and greatness.
“He ran into a ratai in an open field, And yells in a ratai field, urges, Marks furrows from edge to edge. maple, Ratai's gouges are silk.
Mikula Selyaninovich tells Prince Volga:
"They'll pull the bipod from the zemlya, Shake the zemlya out of the omeshikov, Pull the omeshiki out of the bipod, I'll have nothing, well done, to be a peasant."
And when the combatants of Prince Volga Svyatoslavovich try to raise Mikula's bipod, the narrator says: "They turn the bipod around and around, they cannot lift the bipod from the ground."
Here "yells" - plows; "ratai, oratayushko" - a plowman; "omeshik" - an iron plowshare at the plow; "obzhi" - shafts of plows.
It is interesting that the word "plow" was originally used only when cultivating the soil with a plow, and when cultivating the soil with a plow with a turnover of the layer, the word "yell" was used. Plow in its capabilities was a universal loosening type tool. She did not have a device for dumping and turning the soil layer. But the plow was equally suitable for processing forest plots of slash-and-burn agriculture, and for loosening soft cultivated soils.
Talented Russian craftsmen constantly improved the plow, looking for the best design in relation to their conditions, the level of economic development of their economy and the requirements of practical agronomy. Gradually, the plow began to acquire the features of a plow;
The installation of the police on the plow made a significant leap in the methods of tillage. With such plows it was already possible to cultivate the soil with a partial turnover of the layer, its good loosening, more successfully destroy weeds and, which is very important, plow manure fertilizer.
Plows with the police served as the basis for the creation of more advanced tools: roe deer, Saban, Ukrainian plow and other tools that are close to the plow in their functions.
SOHA- one of the main arable tools of the Russian peasants of the northern, eastern, western and central regions of European Russia. Sokha was also found in the south, in the steppe regions, participating in the cultivation of the land along with the plow. The plow got its name from a stick with a fork, called a plow.
The device of the plow depended on the soil, the terrain, the farming system, local traditions, and the degree of prosperity of the population. Plows differed in shape, width of the rassokha - the board on which the openers (openers) and shafts were fixed, the way it was connected to the shafts, the shape, size, number of rake shafts, the presence or absence of the police - blade, the way it was installed on the rafts and the shafts.
A characteristic feature of all types of plows was the absence of a skid (sole), as well as the high location of the center of gravity - the attachment of traction force, that is, the horse pulled the plow by shafts attached to the upper part of the tool, and not to the bottom. Such an arrangement of traction force forced the plow to rip up the ground without going deep into it. She, as it were, "scribbled", in the words of the peasants, the top layer of soil, now entering the ground, then jumping out of it, jumping over roots, stumps, stones.
The plow was a universal tool used for many different jobs. She raised new on sandy, sandy-stony, gray with sandy loamy soils, forest clearings, carried out the first plowing on old arable lands. Sokha doubled and tripled arable land, plowed seeds, plowed potatoes, etc. In large landowners' farms, all these works were carried out with the help of special tools: a plow, a scarf, a hasty plow, a cultivator, a tiller, a cultivator, a hiller.
Plow went well on forest soils littered with stumps, roots, boulders. She could plow not only dry, but also very wet soil, since she did not have a snake, on which the earth quickly stuck, making movement difficult. The plow was convenient for a peasant family in that it worked freely on the narrowest and smallest arable land, had a relatively small weight (about 16 kg), was quite cheap, and was easily repaired right on the field. She also had some shortcomings.
The well-known Russian agronomist I.O. Komov wrote in the 18th century: “The plow is insufficient in that it has excessively shaky and excessively short handles, which is why it is so depressing to own it that it is difficult to say whether the horse that pulls it, or the person who rules , it is more difficult to walk with her ”(Komov 1785, 8). Plowing the land with a plow was a rather difficult task, especially for an inexperienced plowman. “They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands,” says the proverb. Plow, not possessing a snake, could not stand on the ground. When a horse was harnessed to it, the plow went unevenly, in jerks, often falling to one side or burrowing deep into the ground with coulters.
During work, the plowman held her by the handles of the horn and constantly adjusted the course. If the rafts went very deep into the soil, the plowman had to raise the plow. If they popped out of the ground, he had to forcefully press the handles. When stones were encountered on the path of the plowman, he was forced either to deepen the rakes into the ground in order to raise a stone on them, or to remove the plow from the furrow in order to jump over the stone. At the end of the furrow, the plowman turned the plow, having previously taken it out of the ground.
The work of the plowman was extremely difficult when the horse was in harness without a bow. Supporting the plow on his hands, adjusting its course, the plowman took on a third of the entire plow thrust. The rest fell on the horse. The work of the plowman was somewhat facilitated by the arc harness of the horse. The plow then became more stable, fell sideways less, walked more evenly in the furrow, so the plowman could not hold it “on his hands”. But for this, a healthy, strong, well-fed horse was needed, since in this case it was on her that the main burden fell. Another disadvantage of the plow was shallow plowing (from 2.2 to 5 cm) during the first plowing of the field. However, it was compensated by double or triple plowing, secondary plowing of the land "trace to trace", i.e. by deepening the already made furrow.
The complexity of the work was overcome by the professional skill of the plowman. It can be said with full confidence that the plow, having a wide agrotechnical range, being economically accessible to most of the farmers, was the best option for arable implements, meeting the needs of small peasant farming. Russian peasants valued their plow very much - “mother-nurse”, “grandmother Andreevna”, advised: “Hold on to the soshenka, to the crooked leg.”
They said: "Mother bipod has golden horns." There were many riddles about the plow, in which its design was well played out: “A cow went on a spree, plowed the whole field with its horns”, “The fox was barefoot all winter, spring came - she went in boots.” In some riddles, the plow took on anthropomorphic features: “Mother Andreevna stands hunched over, her legs in the earth, her little hands spread out, she wants to grab everything.” In the epic about Volga and Mikula, an ideal image of the plow is created, which the peasant hero Mikula plows: The bipod of the ratai is maple, The omeshiki on the bipod are damask, The bipod is silver, The horn of the bipod is red gold.
The plow is an ancient tool. The coulters are found by archaeologists in the cultural layers of the 9th-10th centuries. The first written mention of the plow dates back to the 13th century. This is a birch bark letter from Veliky Novgorod, sent by the owner of the land, probably to his relatives in 1299-1313. In translation, it sounds like this: “And if I send openers, then you give them my blue horses, give them with people, without harnessing them to plows.” Plow as an arable tool is also mentioned in the paper letter of Dmitry Donskoy, written around 1380-1382. The earliest images of the plow are found on the miniatures of the Illuminated Chronicle of the 16th century. The plows that existed in Ancient Russia were not a complete analogue of the plows of the 19th century.
In pre-Mongolian times, plows without pblits with coded ridges prevailed, while the ridges were smaller and narrower than the spike ridges of peasant arable tools of the 19th century. Their sizes varied from 18 to 20 cm in length, from 0.6 to 0.8 cm in width. It was only in the 14th century that longer stabbing ridges with a pointed blade and one cutting side began to appear, approaching in type the ridges of the 19th century. A two-pronged plow with feather mules and a folding plow appeared, according to historians, at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. or in the 16th century, i.e. when the Russian people began to develop large tracts of land with characteristic soil and landscape conditions.
Sokha-double-sided
A tillage tool with a high traction force, used for plowing on light soils with a large number of roots, as well as on well-ploughed lands. The hull of the plow-double-sided consisted of a rassokha, two rafters, a horn, a shaft, and a police. Rassokha plow was a slightly curved board with a fork - horns (legs) - at the end raised up. It was cut down from the butt of oak, birch or aspen, trying to use strong roots for horns. The width of the dryer was usually about 22 cm.
The average length was 1.17 m and, as a rule, corresponded to the height of the plowman. Iron ridges were put on the horns of the plow, which consisted of a tube, which included a horn of dryness, a feather - the main part of the ridge - and a sharp nose at its end, 33 cm long. The ridges could have the shape of a rectangular triangle with a sharp nose, somewhat resembling a triangular knife, there were narrow and long, like a stake or chisel. The first rafts were called feather, the second - code. The feather ridges were wider than the code ones, about 15 cm, the spike ridges had a width of no more than 4.5-5 cm.
The upper end of the rassokha was driven into a horn - a round or tetrahedral thick bar in cross section, about 80 cm long, with well-hewn ends. Rassokha was driven into it loosely, getting the opportunity for some mobility, or, as the peasants said, “sloshing”. In a number of regions of Russia, the rassokha was not driven into the horn, but was clamped between the horn and a thick bar (bark, pillow), connected at the ends with each other. Shafts were tightly driven into the horn for harnessing the horse. The length of the shafts was such that the horsemen could not touch the horse's legs and injure them.
The shafts were fastened with a wooden crossbar (spindle, stepson, bandage, list, spornik). A rootstock was attached to it (felt, dugout, mutiki, cross, tuzhina, string) - a thick twisted rope - or vice, i.e. intertwined branches of bird cherry, willow, young oak. The rootstock covered the dryer from below, where it forked, then its two ends were lifted up and fixed at the junction of the crossbar and the shaft. The stock could be lengthened or shortened with the help of two wooden staves located near the shaft: the staves twisted or untwisted the rope.
Sometimes rope or rod stocks were replaced with a wooden, even iron rod, which was strengthened in the crossbar between the shafts. An integral part of the plow was the police (gag, on the floor, dump, dried, shabala) - a rectangular iron spatula with a slight arch, slightly resembling a gutter, with a wooden handle, about 32 cm long. With rope stocks, the police handle was put into the place of their crossing, rod - tied to a stock, and with a wooden rod, it passed into a hole hollowed out in it.
The police was a relay, i.e. shifted by a plowman from one rake to another with each turn of the plow. The two-sided plow was a perfect tool for its time. All its details were carefully thought out and functionally conditioned. It made it possible to regulate the depth of plowing, to make an even furrow of the required depth and width, to lift and turn over the ground cut by the rakes. Sokha-double-sided was the most common among Russian sokh. It is generally accepted that it appeared in Russian life at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. or in the 16th century. as a result of the improvement of the plow without the police.
Sokha-one-sided
Soil-cultivating tool, a kind of plow. A one-sided plow, as well as a two-sided plow, is characterized by a high attachment of traction force, the presence of a wooden rake, bifurcated at the bottom, feather ridges and pblitz. However, the single-sided dryer had a more curved shape than the double-sided dryer, and a different arrangement of the ridges. The left feather rake of such a plow was placed vertically to the surface of the earth, while the other lay flat. A metal police was fixedly attached to the left rail - an elongated blade, narrowed towards the end. On the right side, a small plank - a wing - was attached to the rassokha, which helped to roll off the layers of earth.
There were also known other ways to install ralnikov and pblitz. Both rails were installed almost horizontally to the surface of the earth. The left lancer, called "muzhichok", had a wide feather with a wing, i.e. with one of the edges bent at a right angle. The right feather blade (“wife”, “wife”, “woman”) was flat. The pblitz was lying motionless on the left wing, resting its lower end against the wing. A wooden or iron plank was inserted into the right piping tube - a dump.
When plowing, the left coulter, which stood with an edge (in another variant of the bryl), cut the soil from the side, and the right coulter - from below. The earth entered the police and was always thrown to one side - the right. The moldboard on the right side of the dry land helped to turn the seam. One-sided plows were more convenient for the plowman than two-sided plows. The plowman could work on "one omesh" without tilting the plow to one side, as he had to do, cutting the layer on a two-sided plow. The plow with a fly was most successfully designed.
Thanks to two closely spaced, horizontally spaced ridges, the furrow turned out to be much wider than in a plow with a vertically placed ridge, in which the width of the groove was equal to the width of one ridge. One-sided plows were distributed throughout Russia. Especially plows with bryloy. They were one of the main arable implements in the northeastern part of European Russia, in the Urals, Siberia, and were found in the central regions of the European part of the country.
In the second half of the XIX century. at the Ural factories they began to produce more advanced single-sided plows with bryl. Their dryness ended with one thick horn-tooth, on which they put on a wide triangular plowshare with a fly. A fixed metal blade was attached to the plowshare from above. The plows could vary in the shape of the plowshare, the location of the moldboard, could have the rudiment of a skid, characteristic of a plow, but at the same time, the attachment of the traction force always remained high.
Improved versions of sokh-one-sided had different names: kurashimka, chegandinka and others. They have become widespread in Siberia and the Urals. Improved single-sided plows had a significant advantage over double-sided plows. They plowed deeper, took the layer wider, loosened the ground better, and were more productive at work. However, they were expensive, they wore out rather quickly, and if they broke down, it was difficult to repair them in the field. In addition, they required very strong horses to be harnessed.
Multi-toothed plow or puff, or shaker
A soil-cultivating tool with a high attachment of traction force, a kind of plow. A characteristic feature of the multi-pronged plow was the presence of three to six wide-ended, blunt ridges on the raft, as well as the absence of a police. Such a plow was used for embedding in the spring after autumn plowing of spring crops, covering oat seeds with earth, plowing the land after plowing with a two-sided or one-sided plow. The multi-tooth plow was ineffective in work.
The representative of the Novgorod zemstvo, the priest Serpukhov, characterized the multi-toothed plow: “With plows with blunt broad-nosed plows, like cow tongues, none of the main goals or conditions for cultivating the land is achieved, the plow is almost carried on the hands of the worker, otherwise the earth and oats are drilled, and when raised this land is left in heaps and oats in ridges, and an inch does not go deeper into the earth. It is difficult to understand what for the purpose of introducing it into agriculture, the peasants sow the land in a row after sowing, or, as they usually say, fill up the oats with a dryer. But the observation of her actions does not at all speak in their favor, but rather dissuades the contrary ”(Serpukhov 1866, V, 3). Multi-tooth plows in the 19th century. met quite rarely, although at an earlier time, in the XII-XIV centuries, they were widespread until they were supplanted by more advanced types of plows.
Plow knotty or sleazy, dace, yelchin, smyk
A tool for plowing, harrowing and covering seeds with earth, used in the undercut - a forest clearing, on which the forest was cut down and burned, preparing the land for arable land. It was made from several (from 3 to 8) bronnitsy - plates with branches on one side, obtained from the trunks of spruces or pines, split longitudinally. The armor plates were fastened with two crossbars located on two opposite sides of the knot.
Thin trunks of young oaks, branches of bird cherry, bast or vine served as the material for their fastening. Sometimes armor plates were connected to each other without crossbars. Two extreme armor pieces, longer than the central ones, were tied with strings, with the help of which the horse was harnessed. Sometimes the outer armor pieces were so long that they were used as shafts. Branches up to 80 cm long, pointed at the ends, served as the teeth of the knotting. On the undercut, a layer of earth mixed with ash was loosened with a bunching.
The branch teeth, strong and at the same time flexible, cut the undercut well, and when they bumped into the roots, inevitable in such a field, they springily jumped over them without breaking at all. The knotweed was common in the northern and northwestern provinces of European Russia, mainly in forest areas. Sukovatki, distinguished by the simplicity of their device, were known to the Eastern Slavs in the era of Ancient Russia. Some researchers believe that it was the knotter that was the tillage tool on the basis of which the plow was created. The development of the plow from the knot took place by reducing the number of teeth in each of the armor plates, and then by reducing the number and size of the plates themselves.
Saban
A soil-cultivating tool with a low tractive force attachment, a type of plow, was used to raise the fallow. This tool was known to the Russians in two versions: one-blade and two-blade saban. The single-share saban largely repeated the Little Russian plow and consisted of a skid (soles), a plowshare, a blade, a cutter, a rack, a uterus, handles, a limber and a beam.
It differed from the Little Russian plow in a plowshare, which had the shape of a versatile triangle, a more curved cutter, touching the ground with the lower end of the butt and separated from the plowshare at a considerable distance, as well as a greater curvature of the beam. In addition, the wooden post that fastened the skid with the bed was replaced with an iron one, and the plowshare was also connected to the bed with help - an iron rod. Saban had one or two iron blades, which resembled wings attached near the plowshare. Saban, like the Little Russian plow, was a heavy, bulky tool. He was dragged with difficulty by two horses.
Usually three to five horses or three to six pairs of oxen were harnessed to it. The two-share saban had a skid made of two thick wooden beams, at the ends of which there were shares in the shape of a right-angled triangle, located horizontally towards the ground. The runner was connected to the handles. With their help, the plowman controlled the Saban. One end of a strongly curved beam was attached to the skid not far from the plowshare, the other end was inserted into the front end with wheels. A cutter in the form of a knife was inserted into the beds in front of the plowshares, directed with the blade forward. The dump was served by two wooden boards attached to the handles and the ridge to the right and left of the sole.
The two-bladed saban was a lighter tool than the one-bladed one. It was usually harnessed to two horses. Saban glided well on the ground on the runner, the cutter cut off the layer of earth vertically, and the plowshares cut it horizontally. The depth of plowing was regulated with the help of wedges inserted from above or below the rear end of the bed. If the wedges were inserted from above, then the plowing was shallower, if from below, then deeper. Sabans were distributed mainly in the provinces of the Lower Volga region and in the Urals.
SOHA- one of the main arable tools of the Russian peasants of the northern, eastern, western and central regions of European Russia. Sokha was also found in the south, in the steppe regions, participating in the cultivation of the land along with the plow. The plow got its name from a stick with a fork, called a plow.
The device of the plow depended on the soil, the terrain, the farming system, local traditions, and the degree of prosperity of the population. Plows differed in shape, width of the rassokha - the board on which the openers (openers) and shafts were fixed, the way it was connected to the shafts, the shape, size, number of rake shafts, the presence or absence of the police - blade, the way it was installed on the rafts and the shafts.
A characteristic feature of all types of plows was the absence of a skid (sole), as well as the high location of the center of gravity - the attachment of traction force, that is, the horse pulled the plow by shafts attached to the upper part of the tool, and not to the bottom. Such an arrangement of traction force forced the plow to rip up the ground without going deep into it. She, as it were, "scribbled", in the words of the peasants, the top layer of soil, now entering the ground, then jumping out of it, jumping over roots, stumps, stones.
The plow was a universal tool used for many different jobs. She raised new on sandy, sandy-stony, gray with sandy loamy soils, forest clearings, carried out the first plowing on old arable lands. Sokha doubled and tripled arable land, plowed seeds, plowed potatoes, etc. In large landowners' farms, all these works were carried out with the help of special tools: a plow, a scarf, a hasty plow, a cultivator, a tiller, a cultivator, a hiller.
Plow went well on forest soils littered with stumps, roots, boulders. She could plow not only dry, but also very wet soil, since she did not have a snake, on which the earth quickly stuck, making movement difficult. The plow was convenient for a peasant family in that it worked freely on the narrowest and smallest arable land, had a relatively small weight (about 16 kg), was quite cheap, and was easily repaired right on the field. She also had some shortcomings.
The well-known Russian agronomist I.O. Komov wrote in the 18th century: “The plow is insufficient in that it has excessively shaky and excessively short handles, which is why it is so depressing to own it that it is difficult to say whether the horse that pulls it, or the person who rules , it is more difficult to walk with her ”(Komov 1785, 8). Plowing the land with a plow was a rather difficult task, especially for an inexperienced plowman. “They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands,” says the proverb. Plow, not possessing a snake, could not stand on the ground. When a horse was harnessed to it, the plow went unevenly, in jerks, often falling to one side or burrowing deep into the ground with coulters.
During work, the plowman held her by the handles of the horn and constantly adjusted the course. If the rafts went very deep into the soil, the plowman had to raise the plow. If they popped out of the ground, he had to forcefully press the handles. When stones were encountered on the path of the plowman, he was forced either to deepen the rakes into the ground in order to raise a stone on them, or to remove the plow from the furrow in order to jump over the stone. At the end of the furrow, the plowman turned the plow, having previously taken it out of the ground.
The work of the plowman was extremely difficult when the horse was in harness without a bow. Supporting the plow on his hands, adjusting its course, the plowman took on a third of the entire plow thrust. The rest fell on the horse. The work of the plowman was somewhat facilitated by the arc harness of the horse. The plow then became more stable, fell sideways less, walked more evenly in the furrow, so the plowman could not hold it “on his hands”. But for this, a healthy, strong, well-fed horse was needed, since in this case it was on her that the main burden fell. Another disadvantage of the plow was shallow plowing (from 2.2 to 5 cm) during the first plowing of the field. However, it was compensated by double or triple plowing, secondary plowing of the land "trace to trace", i.e. by deepening the already made furrow.
The complexity of the work was overcome by the professional skill of the plowman. It can be said with full confidence that the plow, having a wide agrotechnical range, being economically accessible to most of the farmers, was the best option for arable implements, meeting the needs of small peasant farming. Russian peasants valued their plow very much - “mother-nurse”, “grandmother Andreevna”, advised: “Hold on to the soshenka, to the crooked leg.”
They said: "Mother bipod has golden horns." There were many riddles about the plow, in which its design was well played out: “A cow went on a spree, plowed the whole field with its horns”, “The fox was barefoot all winter, spring came - she went in boots.” In some riddles, the plow took on anthropomorphic features: “Mother Andreevna stands hunched over, her legs in the earth, her little hands spread out, she wants to grab everything.” In the epic about Volga and Mikula, an ideal image of the plow is created, which the peasant hero Mikula plows: The bipod of the ratai is maple, The omeshiki on the bipod are damask, The bipod is silver, The horn of the bipod is red gold.
The plow is an ancient tool. The coulters are found by archaeologists in the cultural layers of the 9th-10th centuries. The first written mention of the plow dates back to the 13th century. This is a birch bark letter from Veliky Novgorod, sent by the owner of the land, probably to his relatives in 1299-1313. In translation, it sounds like this: “And if I send openers, then you give them my blue horses, give them with people, without harnessing them to plows.” Plow as an arable tool is also mentioned in the paper letter of Dmitry Donskoy, written around 1380-1382. The earliest images of the plow are found on the miniatures of the Illuminated Chronicle of the 16th century. The plows that existed in Ancient Russia were not a complete analogue of the plows of the 19th century.
In pre-Mongolian times, plows without pblits with coded ridges prevailed, while the ridges were smaller and narrower than the spike ridges of peasant arable tools of the 19th century. Their sizes varied from 18 to 20 cm in length, from 0.6 to 0.8 cm in width. It was only in the 14th century that longer stabbing ridges with a pointed blade and one cutting side began to appear, approaching in type the ridges of the 19th century. A two-pronged plow with feather mules and a folding plow appeared, according to historians, at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. or in the 16th century, i.e. when the Russian people began to develop large tracts of land with characteristic soil and landscape conditions.
Sokha-double-sided
A tillage tool with a high traction force, used for plowing on light soils with a large number of roots, as well as on well-ploughed lands. The hull of the plow-double-sided consisted of a rassokha, two rafters, a horn, a shaft, and a police. Rassokha plow was a slightly curved board with a fork - horns (legs) - at the end raised up. It was cut down from the butt of oak, birch or aspen, trying to use strong roots for horns. The width of the dryer was usually about 22 cm.
The average length was 1.17 m and, as a rule, corresponded to the height of the plowman. Iron ridges were put on the horns of the plow, which consisted of a tube, which included a horn of dryness, a feather - the main part of the ridge - and a sharp nose at its end, 33 cm long. The ridges could have the shape of a rectangular triangle with a sharp nose, somewhat resembling a triangular knife, there were narrow and long, like a stake or chisel. The first rafts were called feather, the second - code. The feather ridges were wider than the code ones, about 15 cm, the spike ridges had a width of no more than 4.5-5 cm.
The upper end of the rassokha was driven into a horn - a round or tetrahedral thick bar in cross section, about 80 cm long, with well-hewn ends. Rassokha was driven into it loosely, getting the opportunity for some mobility, or, as the peasants said, “sloshing”. In a number of regions of Russia, the rassokha was not driven into the horn, but was clamped between the horn and a thick bar (bark, pillow), connected at the ends with each other. Shafts were tightly driven into the horn for harnessing the horse. The length of the shafts was such that the horsemen could not touch the horse's legs and injure them.
The shafts were fastened with a wooden crossbar (spindle, stepson, bandage, list, spornik). A rootstock was attached to it (felt, dugout, mutiki, cross, tuzhina, string) - a thick twisted rope - or vice, i.e. intertwined branches of bird cherry, willow, young oak. The rootstock covered the dryer from below, where it forked, then its two ends were lifted up and fixed at the junction of the crossbar and the shaft. The stock could be lengthened or shortened with the help of two wooden staves located near the shaft: the staves twisted or untwisted the rope.
Sometimes rope or rod stocks were replaced with a wooden, even iron rod, which was strengthened in the crossbar between the shafts. An integral part of the plow was the police (gag, on the floor, dump, dried, shabala) - a rectangular iron spatula with a slight arch, slightly resembling a gutter, with a wooden handle, about 32 cm long. With rope stocks, the police handle was put into the place of their crossing, rod - tied to a stock, and with a wooden rod, it passed into a hole hollowed out in it.
The police was a relay, i.e. shifted by a plowman from one rake to another with each turn of the plow. The two-sided plow was a perfect tool for its time. All its details were carefully thought out and functionally conditioned. It made it possible to regulate the depth of plowing, to make an even furrow of the required depth and width, to lift and turn over the ground cut by the rakes. Sokha-double-sided was the most common among Russian sokh. It is generally accepted that it appeared in Russian life at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. or in the 16th century. as a result of the improvement of the plow without the police.
Sokha-one-sided
Soil-cultivating tool, a kind of plow. A one-sided plow, as well as a two-sided plow, is characterized by a high attachment of traction force, the presence of a wooden rake, bifurcated at the bottom, feather ridges and pblitz. However, the single-sided dryer had a more curved shape than the double-sided dryer, and a different arrangement of the ridges. The left feather rake of such a plow was placed vertically to the surface of the earth, while the other lay flat. A metal police was fixedly attached to the left rail - an elongated blade, narrowed towards the end. On the right side, a small plank - a wing - was attached to the rassokha, which helped to roll off the layers of earth.
There were also known other ways to install ralnikov and pblitz. Both rails were installed almost horizontally to the surface of the earth. The left lancer, called "muzhichok", had a wide feather with a wing, i.e. with one of the edges bent at a right angle. The right feather blade (“wife”, “wife”, “woman”) was flat. The pblitz was lying motionless on the left wing, resting its lower end against the wing. A wooden or iron plank was inserted into the right piping tube - a dump.
When plowing, the left coulter, which stood with an edge (in another variant of the bryl), cut the soil from the side, and the right coulter - from below. The earth entered the police and was always thrown to one side - the right. The moldboard on the right side of the dry land helped to turn the seam. One-sided plows were more convenient for the plowman than two-sided plows. The plowman could work on "one omesh" without tilting the plow to one side, as he had to do, cutting the layer on a two-sided plow. The plow with a fly was most successfully designed.
Thanks to two closely spaced, horizontally spaced ridges, the furrow turned out to be much wider than in a plow with a vertically placed ridge, in which the width of the groove was equal to the width of one ridge. One-sided plows were distributed throughout Russia. Especially plows with bryloy. They were one of the main arable implements in the northeastern part of European Russia, in the Urals, Siberia, and were found in the central regions of the European part of the country.
In the second half of the XIX century. at the Ural factories they began to produce more advanced single-sided plows with bryl. Their dryness ended with one thick horn-tooth, on which they put on a wide triangular plowshare with a fly. A fixed metal blade was attached to the plowshare from above. The plows could vary in the shape of the plowshare, the location of the moldboard, could have the rudiment of a skid, characteristic of a plow, but at the same time, the attachment of the traction force always remained high.
Improved versions of sokh-one-sided had different names: kurashimka, chegandinka and others. They have become widespread in Siberia and the Urals. Improved single-sided plows had a significant advantage over double-sided plows. They plowed deeper, took the layer wider, loosened the ground better, and were more productive at work. However, they were expensive, they wore out rather quickly, and if they broke down, it was difficult to repair them in the field. In addition, they required very strong horses to be harnessed.
Multi-toothed plow or puff, or shaker
A soil-cultivating tool with a high attachment of traction force, a kind of plow. A characteristic feature of the multi-pronged plow was the presence of three to six wide-ended, blunt ridges on the raft, as well as the absence of a police. Such a plow was used for embedding in the spring after autumn plowing of spring crops, covering oat seeds with earth, plowing the land after plowing with a two-sided or one-sided plow. The multi-tooth plow was ineffective in work.
The representative of the Novgorod zemstvo, the priest Serpukhov, characterized the multi-toothed plow: “With plows with blunt broad-nosed plows, like cow tongues, none of the main goals or conditions for cultivating the land is achieved, the plow is almost carried on the hands of the worker, otherwise the earth and oats are drilled, and when raised this land is left in heaps and oats in ridges, and an inch does not go deeper into the earth. It is difficult to understand what for the purpose of introducing it into agriculture, the peasants sow the land in a row after sowing, or, as they usually say, fill up the oats with a dryer. But the observation of her actions does not at all speak in their favor, but rather dissuades the contrary ”(Serpukhov 1866, V, 3). Multi-tooth plows in the 19th century. met quite rarely, although at an earlier time, in the XII-XIV centuries, they were widespread until they were supplanted by more advanced types of plows.
Plow knotty or sleazy, dace, yelchin, smyk
A tool for plowing, harrowing and covering seeds with earth, used in the undercut - a forest clearing, on which the forest was cut down and burned, preparing the land for arable land. It was made from several (from 3 to 8) bronnitsy - plates with branches on one side, obtained from the trunks of spruces or pines, split longitudinally. The armor plates were fastened with two crossbars located on two opposite sides of the knot.
Thin trunks of young oaks, branches of bird cherry, bast or vine served as the material for their fastening. Sometimes armor plates were connected to each other without crossbars. Two extreme armor pieces, longer than the central ones, were tied with strings, with the help of which the horse was harnessed. Sometimes the outer armor pieces were so long that they were used as shafts. Branches up to 80 cm long, pointed at the ends, served as the teeth of the knotting. On the undercut, a layer of earth mixed with ash was loosened with a bunching.
The branch teeth, strong and at the same time flexible, cut the undercut well, and when they bumped into the roots, inevitable in such a field, they springily jumped over them without breaking at all. The knotweed was common in the northern and northwestern provinces of European Russia, mainly in forest areas. Sukovatki, distinguished by the simplicity of their device, were known to the Eastern Slavs in the era of Ancient Russia. Some researchers believe that it was the knotter that was the tillage tool on the basis of which the plow was created. The development of the plow from the knot took place by reducing the number of teeth in each of the armor plates, and then by reducing the number and size of the plates themselves.
Saban
A soil-cultivating tool with a low tractive force attachment, a type of plow, was used to raise the fallow. This tool was known to the Russians in two versions: one-blade and two-blade saban. The single-share saban largely repeated the Little Russian plow and consisted of a skid (soles), a plowshare, a blade, a cutter, a rack, a uterus, handles, a limber and a beam.
It differed from the Little Russian plow in a plowshare, which had the shape of a versatile triangle, a more curved cutter, touching the ground with the lower end of the butt and separated from the plowshare at a considerable distance, as well as a greater curvature of the beam. In addition, the wooden post that fastened the skid with the bed was replaced with an iron one, and the plowshare was also connected to the bed with help - an iron rod. Saban had one or two iron blades, which resembled wings attached near the plowshare. Saban, like the Little Russian plow, was a heavy, bulky tool. He was dragged with difficulty by two horses.
Usually three to five horses or three to six pairs of oxen were harnessed to it. The two-share saban had a skid made of two thick wooden beams, at the ends of which there were shares in the shape of a right-angled triangle, located horizontally towards the ground. The runner was connected to the handles. With their help, the plowman controlled the Saban. One end of a strongly curved beam was attached to the skid not far from the plowshare, the other end was inserted into the front end with wheels. A cutter in the form of a knife was inserted into the beds in front of the plowshares, directed with the blade forward. The dump was served by two wooden boards attached to the handles and the ridge to the right and left of the sole.
The two-bladed saban was a lighter tool than the one-bladed one. It was usually harnessed to two horses. Saban glided well on the ground on the runner, the cutter cut off the layer of earth vertically, and the plowshares cut it horizontally. The depth of plowing was regulated with the help of wedges inserted from above or below the rear end of the bed. If the wedges were inserted from above, then the plowing was shallower, if from below, then deeper. Sabans were distributed mainly in the provinces of the Lower Volga region and in the Urals.
Many people know that for several centuries, until the end of the nineteenth century, in the forest zone Russian Empire the common plow remained the most important agricultural tool. It was a universal and most original peasant item, significantly different from the plow and plow. However, until recently, historians found it difficult to answer where and when this arable tool appeared.
The fact is that archaeological materials about plows are very scarce. These are, for the most part, iron tips (coulters) and iron particles of coulters. Before the revolution, during excavations in Staraya Ladoga, a wooden detail of an ancient plow was found, but now, unfortunately, this find has been lost.
The oldest coulters discovered were found in Staraya Ladoga. They belong to the end of the 1st millennium AD. As well as coulters found near Veliky Novgorod.
Historians were able to establish that at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennia of our era, there was a gradual expansion of the geography of the distribution of the plow. Thus, coulters originating from Pskov and the Upper Volga region date back to the 10th-11th centuries. Coulters from the Vladimir region, Belarus and Latvia belong to the 11th-12th centuries. And by the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries, plows began to spread in Volga Bulgaria. Thus, we can definitely say that the plow originally appeared in the north-west of our country at the end of the 1st millennium. Namely - in a small area, conditionally limited to Staraya Ladoga in the north and Veliky Novgorod in the south.
It seems strange that in these forest places, where agriculture developed slowly, the tool in question appeared. However, there is nothing unusual about this. The plow was extremely useful in wooded areas that had recently become arable land. The lightness and maneuverability of the Russian tool was immediately appreciated, especially where large roots and stumps came across. On moist clay soils, which were abundant in the northwest, the plow did not stick very much in the furrow. She did very well on rocky soils. Because when working in such places it was easy due to the fact that two narrow cutting teeth experienced much less resistance than one, but wide.
In favor of the distribution of the plow, the fact that the metal coulters not only cut and turned over the arable layer, but also loosened and mixed it well, spoke in favor of the distribution of the plow. But this contributed to the preservation of soil fertility. In addition, a narrow strip of earth remained intact between the coulters, and this prevented water and wind erosion. This also affected the productivity of cultivated land.
As already mentioned, the distribution of the plow went from north to west, south and east. The use of this plowing tool is clearly related to areas of coniferous and mixed forests and their specific soils. The paths of the introduction of the plow coincide with the directions of the Slavic colonization, which went from the northwest to the south and east.
Thus, one can quite confidently consider the plow as a classic element of the East Slavic agricultural culture. And this element arose in the specific conditions of northern forestry. And only then it spread among other peoples of Eastern Europe.
